¿Why is día masculine? (2024)

[Today isSpanish Fridayso this post is in Spanish. ¡Scroll down for English translation!]

¿Why is día masculine? (1)

La verdadera pregunta aquí es por qué día es masculina Y termina con-a.Llevo unas semanas investigando tales palabrasespañolas, de las cualesdíaes la más frecuente. Día es masculina porque viene de la palabra proto-indo-europea*diéus, que significaba el dios del cielo (un dios masculino) o el cielo diurno.Recibió su-afinal principalmente porque su progenitor inmediato latino, diēs, era la única palabra masculina en la clase de sustantivos de la quinta declensión latina. Otros sustantivos en esta categoría también terminaban con–ēs, o aun–iēs. Incluíaneffigiēs,rēs,yspeciēs.

La terminación de muchos sustantivos en este grupo cambióde –iēsa-a cuandoel latín se desarrolló al español.Speciēs, por ejemplo, nos dioespecia. Otros ejemplos incluyenmateriēs, la fuente demateriaymadera, yrabiēs, la fuente derabia.

Estos cambios eran parte de una tendencia española de extender la terminación explícitamente femenina -a a sustantivos que ya eran femeninos, tales comoinfanta(deinfanteen latin) yseñora (deseniōre). Muchos sustantivos masculinos igualmente adquirieron nuevas terminaciones de-o. Estos incluyenpájaro ‘bird’, depassare, ycorcho, decortice. Ralph Pennynombra estos cambios‘hypercharacterization’.

Paradiēsel cambio a‑a resultó en un conflicto entre el género masculino del sustantivo y su terminación femenina. Sin duda el hecho de quediēs era ambigua en cuanto al género contribuyó al cambio. Aunque normalmente era masculina, diēs era femeninacuando tenía el sentido de ‘fecha límite’ o ‘cita’. O sea, la confusión de género ha sido una parte de estapalabra desdesus orígenes.

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The real question here is why día ‘day’ is masculine even though it ends with-a, the Spanish feminine ending par excellence. I have been looking into words like this lately;día ‘day’ is the most frequentof them.Día is masculine because it comes from the Proto-Indo-European root*diéus, meaning ‘Sky-god’ (a masculine deity) or‘daytime sky’. It ended up with a final-amostly because its immediate Latin progenitor, diēs,was the only masculine word in Latin’s ‘fifth declension’ noun class. (Doesn’t“The Fifth Declension” sound like a goodname foranamateur rock band composed of linguists, like Stanford’s “Dead Tongues”?) Other nouns in this category — all feminine —also ended in –ēs, oreven –iēs. They included effigiēs ‘effigy’, rēs ‘thing’, andspeciēs ‘sight, view; shape, form’.

The ending of severalfifth declension nouns changed from–iēs toa as Latin evolved into Spanish.Speciēs, for example, became especia ‘spice’. Other examples include Latin materiēs, whichevolved into Spanish materia ‘matter, substance’ and madera ‘wood’, andrabiēs, the source of Spanishrabia ‘rage’.

These changeswere part of abroader tendency to extend the explicit ‑a marker to nouns that were already feminine, such as infanta ‘princess’ (from Latin infante) and señora ‘madame, lady’ (from seniōre). Likewise, manymasculine nouns acquired a freshly-minted -o ending. Examples include Spanishpájaro ‘bird’, from Latinpassare and corcho ‘cork’, from Latincortice. Ralph Pennyrefers to these changes as ‘hypercharacterization’.

For diēs the change to ‑aresulted in today’sconflict between the noun’s gender and its ending. It was probably abetted by the fact thatdiēs was sexually ambiguous. While normally masculine, diēs wastreated as feminine when used in the sense of ‘appointed day, deadline’. In other words, gender confusion has beenbuilt into theword fromthe get-go.Plus ça change…

¿Why is día masculine? (2024)
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