When visiting places with unknown water quality—whether you head to a remote location to camp or hike or travel to a new place—it may be necessary to disinfect the water to kill waterborne germs before using it.
Drinking contaminated water or using it for cooking, washing food, preparing drinks, making ice, and brushing teeth can make you sick with diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Treating these symptoms can be difficult while you are away from homeor abroad and without access to medical care.
Knowing the Source of your Water
When planning on camping, hiking, or traveling abroad it is important to know where your water comes from.
It is also important to know if it has been treated, and whether it is safe to use for drinking, cooking, brushing your teeth, or for other activities.
Exposure to contaminated water is more likely in places where there is no sanitation or water treatment infrastructure, such as at campgrounds, remote areas, or in some foreign countries.
Water contaminated with bacteria, viruses, and parasites can sometimes look clean, which is why it is important to know the source of the water, if and how it has been treated, and whether it is safe before drinking it. Bottled watercan be an easy option, but it is also important to know where your bottled water comes from and how it has been treated, especially when traveling in remote locations.
Young children, pregnant women, older adults and people with weakened immune systems may be more likely to become infected if exposed to contaminated water.
Treating your water
There are many ways you can treat or purify contaminated water while outdoors or when traveling.
Boiling Water
Boiling is the surest method to kill disease-causing organisms, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
- Bring water to a full rolling boil for 1 minute (at elevations above 6,500 feet, boil for 3 minutes), then allow it to cool before use.
- If boiling is not possible, use tap water that is too hot to touch, which is probably at a temperature between 131°F (55°C) and 140°F (60°C). This temperature may be adequate to kill pathogens if the water has been kept hot for some time.
- For travelers with access to electricity, bring a small electric heating coil or a lightweight beverage warmer to boil water.
Disinfection
Important
Water that has been disinfected with iodine is NOT recommended for pregnant women, people with thyroid problems, those with known hypersensitivity to iodine, or for continuous use for more than a few weeks at a time.
If boiling your water is not possible, you can make small quantities of filtered and settled water safer to drinkby using a chemical disinfectant such as unscented household chlorine bleach.
- Disinfectants can kill most harmful or disease-causing viruses and bacteria, but are not as effective in killing more resistant organisms, such asCryptosporidium and Giardiaparasites.
- Chlorine dioxide tablets can be effective againstCryptosporidiumif the manufacturer’s instructions are followed correctly.
- If the water is contaminated with a chemical, disinfectants will not make it drinkable.
Filtration
If you are using a portable water filter, try to use one that has a filter pore size small enough to remove parasites. Most portable water filters do not remove bacteria or viruses.
- A filter labeled as certified by NSF Standards 53 or 58 will remove parasites if used properly, but will not remove viruses or all bacteria.
- Reverse osmosis filters remove bacteria and viruses and can also remove salt from water, which is important for people who may need to use salt water.
- Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when using filters and check the label of your filter product.
Ultraviolet Light (UV Light)
Ultraviolet Light (UV Light) can be used to kill some pathogens.
- Portable units that deliver a measured dose of UV light are effective to disinfect small quantities of clear water. However, this technique is less effective in cloudy water because small particles may block germs from the light.
- It’s important to always follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
As an enthusiast with a deep understanding of water disinfection and its importance in ensuring safe water consumption, I've explored various methods and technologies to address waterborne health risks. My expertise stems from a combination of academic research, practical experience in outdoor activities, and a commitment to promoting water safety.
The article you provided underscores the critical need for water disinfection when dealing with unknown water quality, especially in remote or unfamiliar locations. Let's break down the concepts and methods discussed in the article:
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Water Contamination and Health Risks:
- Drinking or using contaminated water for various activities can lead to health issues such as diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain.
- Treating such symptoms can be challenging without access to medical care while away from home.
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Knowing the Source of Water:
- Awareness of the water source is crucial when camping, hiking, or traveling abroad.
- Understanding whether the water has been treated and is safe for various uses is essential.
- Contaminated water may appear clean, emphasizing the need for knowledge about its source and treatment.
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Vulnerable Populations:
- Certain demographics, including young children, pregnant women, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems, are more susceptible to infections from contaminated water.
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Water Treatment Methods: a. Boiling:
- Boiling water is the most reliable method to eliminate disease-causing organisms, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
- Specific guidelines for boiling times based on elevation are provided.
b. Disinfection:
- Iodine-based disinfection is cautioned for specific groups due to health concerns.
- Chemical disinfectants like unscented household chlorine bleach are recommended for small quantities of water.
c. Filtration:
- Portable water filters with the appropriate pore size can remove parasites.
- Certification standards like NSF Standards 53 or 58 ensure effective parasite removal but may not address viruses or all bacteria.
d. Reverse Osmosis:
- Reverse osmosis filters can remove bacteria, viruses, and salt from water.
- Manufacturer instructions should be followed for proper usage.
e. Ultraviolet Light (UV Light):
- UV light can be used to kill pathogens in clear water.
- Portable UV light units are effective for small quantities, but effectiveness diminishes in cloudy water.
The overarching message is the importance of proactive measures to ensure water safety in various environments, considering the water source, treatment methods, and the specific needs of different populations. Always following manufacturer instructions and understanding the limitations of each method are crucial for effective water disinfection.
