Recreating the caveman diet (2024)

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Recreating the caveman diet (1)

By Philippa Roxby

Health reporter, BBC News

A team of scientists has begun exploring what can be learned from the diet of cavemen who lived more than two million years ago.

Research will focus on how the food eaten by hunter-gatherers could enhance modern day nutrition.

Our ancestors in the palaeolithic period, which covers 2.5 million years ago to 12,000 years ago, are thought to have had a diet based on vegetables, fruit, nuts, roots and meat.

Cereals, potatoes, bread and milk did not feature at all. It was only with the dawn of agriculture (around 10,000 years ago) that our diets evolved to include what we think of as staple foods now.

So are we programmed to eat what we do today - or are we better suited to the diet of our ancestors?

Global brand giant Unilever has brought scientists and experts from fields as diverse as evolutionary genetics, anthropology, food science and botany together to find out the answer.

Plant diversity

Dr Mark Berry, who is in charge of the research at Unilever, says the aim is to create a healthier diet for people today, drawing inspiration from that period.

"The main hallmark of the palaeolithic diet was a huge diversity of plants. Nowadays we try our best to eat five portions of fruit and veg a day. They ate 20 to 25 plant-based foods a day," said Dr Berry.

So contrary to common belief, palaeolithic man was not a raging carnivore. He was an omnivore who loved his greens.

He would have gathered seeds to eat, used plants and herbs for flavouring and preserving fish and meat, and collected wild berries.

Their need for other essential nutrients would have been found in fish while pulses provided additional proteins.

In contrast to the cereal crops we rely on now for the basis of our food, the pre-farming diet contained fewer carbohydrates, less fat and more vegetables. So was it a healthier diet?

"It seems so," said Mark Thomas, professor of evolutionary genetics at University College London. "Palaeolithic man may have died earlier than we do now, but he didn't die of bad nutrition."

Previous research has shown that the diet and lifestyle of hunter-gatherers was characterised by a lower incidence of "diseases of affluence" such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease.

Adapted to milk

Although we have adapted to a very different diet over thousands of years, Professor Thomas says: "There is a mismatch between the diet we've evolved for and the one that we have."

He cites milk as an example of something humans have adapted to over time.

"Ten thousand years ago, humans had access to milk but couldn't drink it. We couldn't digest it. Now we're 100% adapted to a milk-rich diet."

But the plants eaten by our palaeolithic ancestors were entirely different.

They bear little relation to the vegetables, plant and cereal products we see on our supermarket shelves today.

Professor Monique Simmonds, head of the sustainable uses of plants group at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, who is an expert in this area, explained why.

"The development of agriculture meant crops were grown on a large scale to make money. Instead of growing indigenous material, farming encouraged the production of crops like wheat, which have an international market."

And so our diets began to shrink and crops became more and more refined until, in 2010, only a few varieties of wheat and maize remain.

At Kew, Prof Simmonds is trying to find out what was in those original plants before we started to play with them.

"We need to decrease our reliance on refined sugar and a heavy carbohydrate diet, and replace some of the things we have lost," she says.

"The natural genes of plants species we collect at Kew will give us an insight into the wild relatives of the crop plants we know today."

By looking into the past, we may just discover how to lead healthier lives.

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Recreating the caveman diet (2024)

FAQs

Recreating the caveman diet? ›

So contrary to common belief, palaeolithic man was not a raging carnivore. He was an omnivore who loved his greens. He would have gathered seeds to eat, used plants and herbs for flavouring and preserving fish and meat, and collected wild berries.

What diet is likened to a caveman? ›

The paleo diet is sometimes nicknamed “the caveman diet,” as it is tied to the diets of our ancestors. It's based on food sources for humans during the Paleolithic area — or the “Stone Age.” The staples of the paleo diet are lean meats, fish, vegetables, fruits, nuts and seeds, and healthy fats and oils.

What did cavemen eat for breakfast? ›

As foragers, they would fast until they found, caught or killed their food. There was no breakfast upon waking,, or leftovers for lunch. They ate opportunistically, Freedman and Pobiner say, consuming anything they could get their hands on.

What carbs did cavemen eat? ›

The starch sources that the archaeologists have so far found include acorns and sea beet, the latter of which is the ancestor of both the beetroot and the sugar beet. Compared to today, the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic diets included lots of proteins, less fat and fewer, though some, carbohydrates.

How many calories did cavemen eat? ›

During that time, energy intake would have been higher than at present—probably about three thousand kilocalories per day for males and perhaps 2,750 kilo-calories for females.

Did cavemen eat meat everyday? ›

They ate 20 to 25 plant-based foods a day," said Dr Berry. So contrary to common belief, palaeolithic man was not a raging carnivore. He was an omnivore who loved his greens. He would have gathered seeds to eat, used plants and herbs for flavouring and preserving fish and meat, and collected wild berries.

What fruits did cavemen eat? ›

For example, archaeologists have uncovered evidence of 780,000-year-old figs at a site in Northern Israel, as well as olives, plums, and pears from the paleolithic era.

Did ancient humans eat 3 meals a day? ›

In ancient times, people usually ate one daily meal that was considered unique and abundant to any other time for eating. For example, the ancient Romans consumed only one meal around midday, considering it a healthy choice and the only one able to guarantee good digestion.

Did our ancestors eat 3 meals a day? ›

Several hundred years ago, people didn't follow the three meals a day rule. In fact, Native Americans employed a practical approach to food. They ate when they were hungry. The three meals per day concept originated with Englanders who achieved financial prosperity.

Did caveman eat eggs? ›

For those who need a primer on the paleo diet, it basically means eating only the items that a "caveman" would eat, when he or she was hunting and/or gathering back in the Paleolithic era. This means grass-fed meats, veggies, fish, nuts, eggs, fruits, fungi.

What is the oldest human diet? ›

The diet of the earliest hominins was probably somewhat similar to the diet of modern chimpanzees: omnivorous, including large quantities of fruit, leaves, flowers, bark, insects and meat (e.g., Andrews & Martin 1991; Milton 1999; Watts 2008).

What is the oldest living humans diet? ›

In the blue zones, people eat an impressive variety of garden vegetables when they are in season, and then they pickle or dry the surplus to enjoy during the off-season. The best of the best longevity foods in the Blue Zones diet are leafy greens such as spinach, kale, beet and turnip tops, chard, and collards.

What did cavemen eat for dessert? ›

Fruits and plants: Stone Age people collected all sorts of plants like nettles and dandelion leaves. Wild fruit like plums and other berries could be a tasty, sweet treat! Nuts: Acorns and hazelnuts provided Stone Age people with protein and natural fat. They would also grind down wild grass seeds to make porridge.

What is the healthiest diet for humans? ›

A healthy diet includes the following:
  • Fruit, vegetables, legumes (e.g. lentils and beans), nuts and whole grains (e.g. unprocessed maize, millet, oats, wheat and brown rice).
  • At least 400 g (i.e. five portions) of fruit and vegetables per day (2), excluding potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava and other starchy roots.
Apr 29, 2020

How far did cavemen walk a day? ›

Hadza men and women walk 4-7 miles a day, hunting wild game, harvesting honey, digging for tubers, picking berries, or fetching water and firewood. “The Hadza get more activity in a day than the standard American gets in a week,” Pontzer says.

How long can a human go without eating? ›

In general, it is likely that a person could survive between 1 and 2 months without food. As many different factors influence the length of time that the body can last without food, this period will vary among individuals.

What do cavemen drink? ›

As Patrick McGovern observes in Scientific American, “our ancestral early hominids were probably already making wines, beers, meads and mixed fermented beverages from wild fruits, chewed roots and grains, honey, and all manner of herbs and spices culled from their environments.” But this has wider implications than ...

What was the life expectancy of the cavemen? ›

PALEOLITHIC STAGE ENCOUNTERS

Life expectancy was approximately 33 years of age.

Does red meat stay in your system for 7 years? ›

There are so many myths about meat, including whether it sits in your gut for ages after you eat it. Nothing 'sits' in your gut. Your digestive system is not a recycling centre that carefully separates your food into meat, vegetables, grains and so on and then processes them separately.

What food did Adam and Eve eat? ›

Forbidden fruit is a name given to the fruit growing in the Garden of Eden which God commands mankind not to eat. In the biblical story, Adam and Eve eat the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and are exiled from Eden.

What did cavemen sleep on? ›

Caveman beds

The archaeologists found a mattress complete with soft bedding. It was made primarily from stems, leaves and other plant materials. Even back then, we were looking for a comfy night's sleep. What surprised scientists most, however, was the use of natural insecticides.

Did cavemen eat rice? ›

So finally, here is a list of some general types of foods that would have been common components of the diets of the cavemen: The diet was probably higher in protein than what we eat, since carbohydrates are so easy for us to encounter (rice, potatoes, bread, pasta, sweets, et cetera).

Are humans meant to eat one meal a day? ›

For most people, there are no serious dangers involved in eating one meal a day, other than the discomforts of feeling hungry. That said, there are some risks for people with cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Eating one meal a day can increase your blood pressure and cholesterol.

Why did the Romans only eat one meal? ›

"The Romans believed it was healthier to eat only one meal a day," food historian Caroline Yeldham told BBC News Magazine in 2012. "They were obsessed with digestion and eating more than one meal was considered a form of gluttony. This thinking impacted on the way people ate for a very long time."

How often are humans actually supposed to eat? ›

In Western culture, it is a common idea that the daily food intake should be divided into three square meals: breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Often dieticians suggest adding two snacks (morning and afternoon) to help appetite control, and indeed the mainstream media message is to eat “five to six times a day”.

What foods did Jesus eat? ›

What did Jesus eat on a typical day? The short answer: a lot of bread. Bread was a staple in the typical daily diet in the first-century Greco-Roman world, supplemented with limited amounts of local fruits and vegetables, oil, and salt. Bread in first-century Galilee would have been made with wheat or barley flour.

Did our ancestors go days without food? ›

Our ancestors were hunter-gatherers who often went periods of time without food while foraging. Humans had adapted to the unpredictability of getting their next meal.

How many calories did people eat 1,000 years ago? ›

Middle ages food: HOW MUCH? In the Middle Ages, food was consumed at about 4,000 calories a day for peasants, but they burned around 4,500 calories each day in manual labor. Compare that to modern Americans, who eat about 3,000 calories a day but burn only 2,000. Medieval monks were a little more like us.

Did cavemen eat bacon? ›

Ancient hunter-gatherers in Europe, whose meat intake was once limited to wild game, may have enjoyed bacon, ham, pork chops and other tasty bites from pigs they owned starting about 7,000 years ago, researchers say.

What nuts did cavemen eat? ›

The REAL caveman diet: Research shows ancient man mainly ate tiger nuts | Fox News.

How did cavemen deal with cold? ›

They hibernated, according to fossil experts. Evidence from bones found at one of the world's most important fossil sites suggests that our hominid predecessors may have dealt with extreme cold hundreds of thousands of years ago by sleeping through the winter.

What is the simplest diet a human can live on? ›

"The only food that provides all the nutrients that humans need is human milk," Hattner said. "Mother's milk is a complete food. We may add some solid foods to an infant's diet in the first year of life to provide more iron and other nutrients, but there is a little bit of everything in human milk."

How to eat like a 100 year old? ›

We found that most centenarians traditionally eat whole foods. These are foods made from single ingredient — raw, cooked, ground or fermented — and are not highly processed. They eat raw fruits and vegetables; they grind whole grains themselves and then cook them slowly.

What does a 100 year old person eat? ›

First of all, centenarians eat mostly unprocessed foods. They cook their meals with fresh plants and herbs from the garden or the forest. Animal protein intake is relatively low and vegetable and bean intake is high. They don't shy away from alcohol.

What are the 3 foods the world's oldest person ate every day? ›

This is all in theory. In practice, when you look at the world's oldest people — who manage to stay healthy at well over 100 years old — you discover quite a mix of diets and habits. Kane Tanaka, a 119-year-old woman from f*ckuoka, Japan who currently reigns as the oldest living person, eats rice, fish and soup.

How long did the healthiest person live? ›

A new milestone was reached when Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment celebrated her 120th birthday in 1995. Calment died two years later at the age of 122. She remains the oldest person ever to have lived — that has been verified, at least.

What did Vikings eat at sea? ›

Food would have been dried or salted meat or fish. It could only be cooked if the crew were able to land. They'd drink water, beer or sour milk. The hardship of life on board, especially in rough seas, meant that Vikings did not make voyages in the winter but waited until spring.

Did cavemen eat bananas? ›

Phytolith evidence tells us that from the beginning they were eating and using a variety of wild plants, including breadfruit, durians, canarium nuts, species of palm and bamboo – and wild bananas.

Did cavemen cook meat? ›

Europe's earliest humans did not use fire for cooking, but had a balanced diet of meat and plants -- all eaten raw, new research reveals for the first time.

Did cavemen eat candy? ›

Cavemen did not eat sugar, refined sugar, salt, legumes, or dairy products. They would have eaten grass-fed and naturally lean animals, and eggs, which were natural, unprocessed, and free of hormones and antibiotics. A majority of all carbohydrates they ate came from fruits and vegetables.

What is the unhealthiest diet in the world? ›

Carnivore Diet

“This is not a healthy or sustainable diet, and there are healthier ways to lose weight. Not only is the carnivore diet extremely high in saturated fat, which can put you at risk for increased cholesterol levels, it also leaves out a lot of foods that are really good for you,” Gorin adds.

What is the 1 1 diet in America? ›

What is the One One One Diet? The concept is really as simple as it sounds: stick to one serving of protein, one serving of carbohydrates, and one serving of fat at every meal to eat a balanced diet.

What is the #1 easiest diet to follow? ›

The Mediterranean diet is a low-carb, moderately high-fat diet that emphasizes vegetables, legumes, fruits, whole grains, olive oil and fish, according to Dr. Landry. Why is it easy? The wide array of acceptable foods on this diet make it easy to adapt to personal needs and incorporate a variety of different foods.

How were cavemen so muscular? ›

What they did do is move their body the way it was meant to move. That meant pushing objects, pulling things, throwing rocks and spears, climbing or walking up hills, squatting down to pick up something, lunging over and across objects, or lifting items over their head to carry home on their shoulders.

What was the average weight of a caveman? ›

Adults grew to about 1.50-1.75m tall and weighed about 64-82kg. Early Neanderthals were taller on average than later Neanderthals, but their weight was about the same.

Were cavemen physically fit? ›

While cavemen didn't have the strength of an Olympic weightlifter, as they could lift larger loads comparatively, cavemen had greater overall strength and endurance because of their lifestyle”.

What happens if you don't eat for 4 days but drink water? ›

Although water fasting may have some health benefits, it comes with many risks and dangers. For example, water fasting could make you prone to muscle loss, dehydration, blood pressure changes, and a variety of other health conditions.

What happens if you don't eat for a day but drink water? ›

Water fasting will likely result in lean muscle wasting, or muscle mass loss that occurs when you don't take in protein, she says. To compensate, your body starts to break down muscles. You might develop other nutrient deficiencies as well.

Why do I feel better when I don't eat? ›

Some markers include reduction in blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and surprisingly an increase of energy and clarity of thinking. One theory is that hunger initiates a constant stress level that makes us stronger and more resistant to aging.

What is ancient people diet? ›

Most clearly, traditional societies ate fresh, natural, whole, real food, with their natural fats. They ate what was available in their environment, from both plants and animals, and did not consume any refined grains, concentrated sweeteners, canned foods, or artificial ingredients.

What is the gatherers diet? ›

Their diet consists of various meats, vegetables and fruits, as well as a significant amount of honey. In fact, they get 15 to 20 percent of their calories from honey, a simple carbohydrate.

What was the diet of the first humans? ›

Prior to about 3.5 million years ago, early humans dined almost exclusively on leaves and fruits from trees, shrubs, and herbs—similar to modern-day gorillas and chimpanzees.

What diet were humans meant to eat? ›

Fruits, green leafy parts of plants, shoots, seeds, nuts, roots and tubers are the fundamental components of the primate eating pattern – and common sense tells us that these foods should be the foods that humans eat, too.

What is the healthiest human diet? ›

A healthy diet includes the following:
  • Fruit, vegetables, legumes (e.g. lentils and beans), nuts and whole grains (e.g. unprocessed maize, millet, oats, wheat and brown rice).
  • At least 400 g (i.e. five portions) of fruit and vegetables per day (2), excluding potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava and other starchy roots.
Apr 29, 2020

What was the Highlanders diet? ›

The Highlanders' diet was based first on the raw milk of their herds. They kept large herds of small, agile cattle, of tiny sheep, and of goats. All of these animals produced milk, which was drunk either fresh or fermented, added to porridges raw, and made into raw cheese and raw butter.

Did hunter-gatherers eat fat? ›

Kung tribes as examples of such hunter-gatherer groups thriving on a higher fat intake without suffering our modern plague of diseases.

Did hunter-gatherers eat meat daily? ›

It's true that hunter-gatherers around the world crave meat more than any other food and usually get around 30 percent of their annual calories from animals. But most also endure lean times when they eat less than a handful of meat each week.

What was the original diet in the Bible? ›

“And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon all the face of the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for food.” This familiar verse of scripture is the foundation of what I refer to as the Genesis 1, 29 Diet.

What did Stone Age man eat? ›

  • Plants - These included tubers, seeds, nuts, wild-grown barley that was pounded into flour, legumes, and flowers. ...
  • Animals - Because they were more readily available, lean small game animals were the main animals eaten. ...
  • Seafood - The diet included shellfish and other smaller fish.

What would happen if everyone stopped eating meat? ›

Billions of farm animals would no longer be destined for our dinner plates and if we couldn't return them to the wild, they might be slaughtered, abandoned, or taken care of in sanctuaries. Or, more realistically, farmers might slow down breeding as demand for meat falls.

What happens if you stop eating meat? ›

Energy Loss. You may feel tired and weak if you cut meat out of your diet. That's because you're missing an important source of protein and iron, both of which give you energy. The body absorbs more iron from meat than other foods, but it's not your only choice.

What does the Bible say about eating meat? ›

In Leviticus 11, the Lord speaks to Moses and Aaron and sets out which animals can be eaten and which cannot: “You may eat any animal that has a divided hoof and that chews the cud. There are some that only chew the cud or only have a divided hoof, but you must not eat them.

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