Modern portfolio theory (MPT) and behavioral finance represent differing schools of thought that attempt to explain investor behavior. Perhaps the easiest way to think about their arguments and positions is to think of modern portfolio theory as how the financial markets would work in the ideal world,and to think of behavioral finance as how financial markets work in the real world. Having a solid understanding of both theory and reality can help you make better investment decisions.
Key Takeaways
- Evaluating how people should invest (i.e., portfolio choice) has been an important project undertaken by economists and investors alike.
- Modern portfolio theory is a prescriptive theoretical model that shows what asset class mix would produce the greatest expected return for a given risk level.
- Behavioral finance instead focuses on correcting for the cognitive and emotional biases that prevent people from acting rationally in the real world.
ModernPortfolio Theory
Modernportfolio theory is the basis for much of the conventional wisdom that underpins investment decision making. Many core points of modernportfolio theory were captured in the 1950s and1960s by the efficient market hypothesis put forth by EugeneFamaofthe University of Chicago.
According toFama’stheory, financial markets are efficient, investors make rational decisions, market participants are sophisticated, informed and act only on available information. Since everyone has the same access to that information, all securities are appropriately priced at any given time. If markets are efficient and current, it means that prices always reflect all information, so there's no way you'll ever be able to buy a stock at a bargain price.
Other snippets of conventional wisdom include the theory that the stock market will return an average of 8% per year (which will result in the value of an investment portfolio doubling every nine years), and that the ultimate goal of investing is to beat a static benchmark index. In theory, it all sounds good. The reality can be a bit different.
Modern portfolio theory (MPT) was developed by Harry Markowitz during the same period to identify how a rational actor would construct a diversified portfolio across several asset classes in order to maximize expected return for a given level of risk preference. The resulting theory constructed an "efficient frontier," or the best possible portfolio mix for any risk tolerance. Modern portfolio theory then uses this theoretical limit to identify optimal portfolios through a process of mean-variance optimization (MVO).
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Enter Behavioral Finance
Despite the nice, neat theories, stocks often trade at unjustified prices, investors make irrational decisions, and you would be hard-pressed to find anyone who owns the much-touted “average” portfolio generating an 8% return every year like clockwork.
So what does all of this mean to you? It means that emotion and psychology play a role when investors make decisions, sometimes causing them to behave in unpredictable or irrational ways. This is not to say that theories have no value, as their concepts do work—sometimes.
Perhaps the best way to consider the differences between theoretical and behavioral finance is to view the theory as a framework from which to develop an understanding of the topics at hand, and to view the behavioral aspects as a reminder that theories don’t always work out as expected. Accordingly, having a good background in both perspectives can help you make better decisions. Comparing and contrasting some of the major topics will help set the stage.
Market Efficiency
The idea that financial markets are efficient is one of the core tenets of modern portfolio theory. This concept, championed in the efficient market hypothesis, suggests that at any given time prices fully reflect all available information on a particular stock and/or market. Since all market participants are privy to the same information, no one will have an advantage in predicting a return on a stock price because no one has access to better information.
Inefficient markets, prices become unpredictable, so no investment pattern can be discerned, completely negating any planned approach to investing. On the other hand, studies inbehavioral finance, which look into the effects of investor psychology on stock prices, reveal some predictable patterns in the stock market.
Knowledge Distribution
In theory, all information is distributed equally. In reality, if this was true, insider trading would not exist. Surprise bankruptcies would never happen. TheSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which was designed to move the markets to greater levels of efficiency because the access to information for certain parties was not being fairly disseminated, would not have been necessary.
And let’s not forget that personal preference and personal ability also play roles. If you choose not to engage in the type of research conducted by Wall Street stock analysts, perhaps because you have a job or a family and don’t have the time or the skills, your knowledge will certainly be surpassed by others in the marketplace who are paid to spend all day researching securities. Clearly, there is a disconnect between theory and reality.
Rational Investment Decisions
Theoretically, all investors make rational investment decisions. Of course, if everyone was rational there would be no speculation, no bubbles and no irrational exuberance. Similarly, nobody would buy securities when the price was high and then panic and sell when the price drops.
Theory aside, we all know that speculation takes place and that bubbles develop and pop. Furthermore, decades of research from organizations such asDalbar,with its QuantitativeAnalysis of Investor Behavior study, show that irrational behavior plays a big role and costs investors dearly.
The Bottom Line
Whileit is important to study the theories of efficiency and review the empirical studies that lend them credibility, in reality, markets are full of inefficiencies. One reason for the inefficiencies is that every investor has a unique investment style and way of evaluating an investment. One may use technical strategies while others rely on fundamentals, and still others may resort to using adartboard.
Many other factors influence the price of investments, rangingfrom emotional attachment, rumors andthe price of the security to good old supply and demand. Clearly, not all market participants are sophisticated, informed and act only on available information. But understanding what the experts expect—andhow other market participants may act—will help you make good investment decisions for your portfolio and prepare you for the market’s reaction when others make their decisions.
Knowing that markets will fall for unexpected reasons and rise suddenly in response to unusual activity can prepare you to ride out the volatility without making trades you will later regret. Understanding that stock prices can move with “the herd” as investor buying behavior pushes prices to unattainable levels can stop you frombuying those overpriced technology shares.
Similarly, you can avoid dumping an oversold but still valuable stock when investors rush for the exits.
Education can be put to work on behalf of your portfolio in a logical way, yet with your eyes wide open to the degree of illogical factors that influence not only investors' actions, but security prices as well. By paying attention, learning the theories, understanding the realities and applying the lessons, you can make the most of the bodies of knowledge that surround both traditional financial theory and behavioral finance.
