Difference Between Dark Beer and Light Beer - Winning Homebrew (2024)

When five o’clock rolls around after a long, hard day of work, nothing sounds quite as good as heading home and cracking open a cold one. After all, you’ve earned it.

But when you get to your fridge, which do you reach for: a pale ale or a stout? Do you even know what those words mean?

Don’t fret – many people misunderstand the difference between dark beer and light beer. For example, it’s a common misconception that dark beer always has a higher alcohol content than light beer.

While that’s sometimes the case, it’s not because of the color of the beer.

Today, we’re going to explore the difference in ingredients between dark beer and light beer and discuss their flavors, calories contents, popular brands, and more. Your buddies will think you’re a genius after hearing about what you’ve learned.

Color

The most distinctive and noticeable difference between light and dark beer is its color. The most straightforward conclusion we can come to just by looking at the two types of beers is that dark beer is darker in color, while light beer has a more golden appearance.

The color of a beer is impacted by many factors, including its roasting process, the ingredients used, and fermentation. All of the bits and pieces will deliver a unique color for each type of beer.

Each side of the aisle is categorized into various shades that you can encounter when enjoying either light beer or dark beer.

Light Beer Colors

Difference Between Dark Beer and Light Beer - Winning Homebrew (1)

As a rule, light beer colors are going to range from a medium shade and get lighter from there. Here are some of the standard colors you’ll see on the light end of the spectrum:

  • Pale Straw
  • Straw
  • Pale Gold
  • Gold
  • Light Amber

Some may also add more nuanced shades to this list, such as deep gold or copper, but this list gives us a general idea and proposes titles that are actually used when naming beers.

Dark Beer Colors

Difference Between Dark Beer and Light Beer - Winning Homebrew (2)

On the flip side, although light beers are generally more popular, dark beer colors are actually more extensive. There is a great color range on this side of the spectrum, allowing for more options:

  • Medium Amber
  • Deep Amber
  • Amber Brown
  • Brown
  • Ruby Brown
  • Deep Brown
  • Black

Overall, you can usually categorize any dark beer as amber, brown, or black. Because both light and dark beers include an amber category, some beers may overlap with similar colors and tastes.

Contrary to popular belief, you can find both light and dark beers in the form of both ales and lagers. However, porters and stout are always dark, while pilsner and IPAs are typically lighter shades.

Ingredients & Process

Difference Between Dark Beer and Light Beer - Winning Homebrew (3)

There is a significant difference in ingredients between dark beer and light beer, and that’s what gives each specific brew its own unique flavor and appearance.

The beer-making process includes four main ingredients:

  • Grains
  • Yeast
  • Hops
  • Water

The grains for every beer will be different. Beers can use wheat, oats, barley, corn, rye, and rice. These components are used in various combinations and measurements depending on the beer. Each process will look different, but they all contain similar steps.

Dark Beer Ingredients & Process

Because of its usually more robust flavor, dark beer tends to use a more complex combination of ingredients over light beer. At its base, you can expect dark beers to have more barley. To achieve that more intense flavor, dark beer can also use more pungent added tastes such as coffee, chocolate, caramel, and nuts.

Both light and dark beer go through a roasting process during which grains are heated. However, darker beers roast for longer. The longer you roast and the more you prepare the grains, the darker your beer will be.

Light Beer Ingredients & Process

While darker beers tend to use barley, lighter beers typically contain more hops. The hops are roasted in short time increments and at lower temperatures, which significantly contributes to their lighter appearance.

Unlike dark beer, light beer aims for a more delicate, refreshing taste over deep and complex flavors. It’s more likely to use ingredients like fruit or flowers to impact its taste during its processes.

Flavor

Because the two types of beers use very different ingredients, there is bound to be a dark beer vs light flavor difference. The changes in roasting time and temperature will also result in various tasting notes.

You can usually expect a light beer refreshing, light, and easy to drink. Many light beers have a slightly bitter taste due to the hops, and in some cases, you can also taste the yeast. Light beers will also add hints of flowers or fruitiness to them.

On the other hand, dark beers aim to be more intensively flavored with robust tastes and potent ingredients. Many darker shades like stouts will have a nutty, chocolate, or coffee flavor to them.

Dark beers are also more common among seasonal flavors. When fall and winter roll around, you can find many dark beers sporting fun flavor notes like ginger and pumpkin.

Food Pairings

There is no set rule as to what you can eat with which kind of beer. In fact, come up with the weirdest combination you want, and we’ll encourage it.

However, there is a difference in food pairing with light beer and dark beer that can actually help your food be more enjoyable overall.

Light beer is generally more popular during the summer months. Its ice-cold refreshing taste helps to combat those hot, sunny days. It also pairs better with lighter foods like chicken, pasta, or even pizza. It’s excellent for barbeques full of pasta salads, fruits, and veggie platters.

Darker beers, while enjoyable at any time of the year, tend to be more popular for the colder months. Their strong flavors and ingredients warm up the body as you drink, and their seasonal flavors really put you in the holiday spirit.

Many people enjoy a rich, dark beer with equally as flavorful dishes such as lobster, grilled meats, smoked dishes, and roasted pork. Dark beer is also great with spicy dishes.

It’s best to avoid a dark beer with a more bland meal because the beer’s flavor will easily overcome the dish. A good rule of thumb is to pair delicate foods with delicate (or light) beers.

Popular Brands

Sure, we’ve discussed a lot about the beer-making process, ingredients, and flavors, but we know that now you just want to get your hands on some of the best beer out there. Because their tastes can be so distinctly different, you may find yourself on the light or dark side.

Light Beer Brands

Light beers are very popular both on the shelf and on tap at your favorite bar. They also tend to be pretty cost-effective against dark beers, and their lighter flavor is often considered more refreshing to some over darker beers.

The problem becomes: which brands are considered light beers, and which are the best? Let’s start with a quick list of light beer brands that are popular on the alcohol market:

  • Bud Light
  • Miller Lite
  • Michelob Light
  • Coors Light
  • Sam Adams Light
  • Corona Light
  • Yuengling Light
  • Natural Light
  • Heineken Light

All of these light beers fall right around the same place in terms of the price range, with Natural Light taking its position as the cheapest light beer. They also all have about the same alcohol percentage, so the choice falls to you for which taste you prefer.

Dark Beer Brands

Since light beer is America’s favorite beer, according to the Washington Post, it’s a little more challenging to recognize a good dark beer brand unless you’re already an aficionado.

Luckily, the rise in breweries over the years has made it easier for beer-lovers to try new dark flavors and expand their horizon a bit.

If you’re one of those beer drinkers hoping to spread your wings and venture into the widely unknown area of dark beer, you might try out one of these popular dark beer brands:

  • Guinness
  • Dogfish Head
  • Bell’s Expedition
  • Allagash
  • Keegan Ales
  • Brasserie Dupont
  • Hitachino Nest
  • Grimm
  • Brouwerij Van Steenberge

Many of the brands above have their own unique version of a stout or a dark/brown ale. While these brands are some of the most popular for dark beer, you can find your own favorites locally.

One of the best ways to try new dark beers is to visit local breweries in your area. Breweries are famous for their tasting flights, where you can try several beers at once. You can then ask the owner where you can buy your favorites and support their business.

FAQ

Beer is such a fascinating topic, and we could go on all day about from its elaborate scientific makeup to the pure and simple taste. Rather than bore you with more of our ramblings, check out this FAQ section for some interesting topics.

Is dark beer healthier than light beer?

There are a few theories concerning the health impacts of different kinds of beers. But is dark beer healthier than light beer? The question earns more than just a yes or no answer.

On the one hand, light beer usually contains fewer calories than dark beer. According to Medical Daily, light beer will probably get you anywhere from 95 to 120 calories per bottle. That’s to be expected, and, in fact, that’s usually one of the big selling points.

A light beer vs dark beer calorie difference is evident – probably less than 100 more, though – but some experts believe that dark beer may have benefits for heart health. Dark beer is chock full of flavonoids, which are known to have impactful antioxidants that can help prevent blood clots.

It’s the same phenomenon that leads experts to believe that red wine is also good for the heart. The dark color is what lends to these theories.

Of course, if you’re truly looking for the healthiest lifestyle possible, you probably shouldn’t be looking towards beer at all. Most people drinking beer aren’t doing so to better their health, if we’re honest.

Is alcohol content higher in dark beer vs light beer?

Perhaps one of the biggest assumptions that come with the dark beer vs light beer comparison is that dark beer always has a higher alcohol content than light beer.

This assumption is completely false. In fact, the color of your beer has very little to do with its alcohol percentage.

The color of your beer, as we discussed earlier, is a direct result of the ingredients used in its processing. It also has to do with the length of the brewing process.

Overall, most beers that you drink will have an alcohol content between 4% and 7%. Some local breweries may even have a couple in the 8% to 9% range. However, many dark beers can fall into that lower range, like the Guinness Stout, which lands right around 4.2% alongside Bud Light, Coors Light, and other light beers.

So is alcohol content higher in dark beer vs light beer? Simply put: no, not necessarily.

Will light beer or dark beer give me a worse hangover?

The Mayo Clinic states that the only sure way to prevent a hangover is to either drink in moderation or do not drink at all. Regardless of the type of alcohol you’re consuming, drinking large amounts can cause things like dehydration, digestive irritation, disturbed sleep, and low blood sure, which all contribute to a hangover.

That being said, there is some evidence to suggest that drinking light-colored alcohol might help lessen the severity of a hangover.

Alcohol contains chemicals called congeners, which are linked to hangover causes. Congeners are a result of the fermentation process and help give alcohol its flavor. You can find more congeners in dark liquors, including dark beers, than in light liquors and light beers.

So, drinking a lighter beer may potentially lessen the impact the drink has on you the next morning, but over-indulging in any kind of alcohol will still make you feel awful.

Related: Pale Ale vs IPA

Difference Between Dark Beer and Light Beer - Winning Homebrew (2024)

FAQs

Difference Between Dark Beer and Light Beer - Winning Homebrew? ›

Dark beers usually use more ingredients, including barley, but also added tastes such as coffee, chocolate, caramel, and nuts. While light beers do use barley, they use more hops, and rarely, if ever, use added tastes. This makes for a more simplistic taste versus the complicated ones of dark beer.

Do darker beers have more hops? ›

One of the reasons dark beers are dark in color is because they use more barley than light beers. Dark beers are also more complex in flavor and tend to have added ingredients like nuts, caramel, chocolate, and coffee. Meanwhile, lighter beers use less barley and more hops.

Is dark beer better than light beer? ›

Just as you can't judge a book by its cover, you can't judge a beers strength by its color. Although many people assume that darker beers have a higher alcohol content than lighter beers, the truth is that a beer's color has nothing to do with its strength.

Why is dark beer the best? ›

All beer is made with roasted malt, but much like coffee, the darker the roast the richer the brew. By increasing the amount of dark malt, a brewer can deepen the color of the final beer while also adding more complex flavor notes, such as coffee, chocolate, and caramel.

What is the best beer to homebrew? ›

Five Easiest Beers to Home Brew
  • American Amber Ale. If you want to experiment with clarifiers and fining agents, American Amber Ale is the best bet for you to start. ...
  • American Brown Ale. ...
  • American Pale Ale. ...
  • American Wheat Ales. ...
  • Porters.
Jun 8, 2022

What type beers have the most hops? ›

What Are the Types of Beer With Lots of Hops?
  • Ale is brewed with yeast during the fermentation process. ...
  • Lager takes longer to brew than ale – almost three and a half weeks. ...
  • Amber ale is a type of ale but lighter in color. ...
  • Altbier is a German style ale.

Does more hops mean more bitter? ›

In general, the more hops added early in the brewing process the greater potential for bitterness in the beer. Adding fewer hops or boiling for less time can reduce the bitterness by affecting how much of the alpha-acids (isohumulones) are extracted from the hops.

Why are dark beers healthier? ›

Dark beer is rich in flavonoids – which contain powerful antioxidants that can help protect against diseases. Stouts are also high in vitamin B, preventing the build up of certain harmful amino acids believed to cause heart problems.

Why do people like dark beer? ›

Due to dark beer having a much higher calorie ratio in comparison to other alcohol types, it's an ideal choice to enjoy during the cooler seasons, when something rich, hearty, and filling is required to keep energy levels up as the body burns through calories to combat the cold.

Are IPAs dark or light? ›

IPAs most often consist of lighter malts, hence the color. But while stouts are always dark, black IPAs have the same dark appearance.

Is Stella Artois a dark beer? ›

This limited release dark lager has a light to medium body, balanced drinkability, 5.4 % ABV and surprisingly crisp, dry finish that helps make the season feel original again.

Is Heineken a dark beer? ›

Heineken Dark Lager is a European-style dark lager brewed in Holland.

Why does dark beer taste like coffee? ›

While porters use malted barley, stouts primarily use unmalted roasted barley. It's this ingredient that gives stouts their signature coffee-like flavor.

What is the most forgiving beer to brew? ›

Porters. The porter is somewhat similar to the brown ale, and is perhaps one of the most forgiving styles of beer to make. Whether you go with the American or English version, the forgiving nature of this style makes it a great candidate to start with when you're first learning how to brew.

Does homebrew beer get better with age? ›

Aging beer can have a number of benefits if done properly and with the correct type of beer. It can bring out different flavors in the beer, such as bready flavors, earthy notes, and woody or metallic aftertastes. It also tends to reduce the bitterness of the beer as the hops lose some of their potency over time.

What is the toughest beer to brew? ›

Perhaps the most challenging beer to homebrew is a sour. Sours include lambics, Flanders, and American wild ales, among others. Making sour beers requires meticulous attention during the fermentation process. Brewers must ensure the growth of lactic acid bacteria and non-saccharomyces yeast.

Do IPA beers have more hops? ›

In general, brewers who create IPAs add more hops during the brewing process than they do to other kinds of beers such as lagers and ambers. They do this to add extra flavor and to create more complex aromas.

What type of beer is healthiest? ›

Some nutrition experts consider craft beer a more functional beverage since beer imparts medical benefits to the drinker. The healthiest are stouts and porters, and higher hoppy beers, such as DIPAs and Imperial IPAs, Trappist beers, and spontaneous fermented beers, such as Lambics and Gose.

What are the 3 major classifications of beer? ›

Beer is a malt based beverage fermented with yeast or bacteria and can be categorised into three main types – lager, ale and lambic. These are defined by the type of yeast used to brew them. In this blog post we will look at these beer types, how they are brewed and why they are different from one another.

How do you maximize hop flavor? ›

Techniques for Maximizing Hop Flavor and Aroma
  1. Use a Lot of Well-Preserved Hops in the Boil. ...
  2. Add Hops Late in the Boil, and/or Cover the Kettle After Late-Hop Additions. ...
  3. Hop Stands: If Used, Keep Them Reasonably Short. ...
  4. Dry Hop for Aroma and Flavor. ...
  5. Dry Hop using a Weighted Mesh Bag. ...
  6. Dry Hop With Well-Preserved Hops.
Aug 19, 2015

What are the disadvantages of hops in beer? ›

Hops might cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Some medications, called sedatives, can also cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Taking hops with sedative medications might cause breathing problems and/or too much sleepiness.

What ingredient adds bitterness to beer brewing? ›

As you probably know, bitterness is pretty much all about hops. Hops are the flowers, or cones, of a plant called humulus lupulus. Hops help to keep beer fresher, longer; help beer retain its head of foam—a key component of a beer's aroma and flavor; and, of course, add “hoppy” aroma, flavor, and bitterness.

What are dark beers called? ›

Dark lager - or black lager - is a term used to describe beers that are dark in colour, but brewed with lager yeasts. Originating from Europe, dark lagers can vary quite a bit in strength and profile. In Germany, they go by a few different guises, like dunkel, bock or schwarzbier.

Why drinking beer every night is unhealthy? ›

It puts you at risk for high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, atrial fibrillation and stroke — and is, without a doubt, harmful to your heart, according to a January 2020 review in ​Nutrients. ​ These conditions occur over a lifetime of drinking and vary depending on the quantity of alcohol consumed.

Why do Irish drink dark beer? ›

It's All About Water. The water in Ireland may have played the biggest role in the development of their classic beer styles. After experimentation, the Irish realized beer brewed with dark malts was most palatable. We know now that's because the dark malts can bring the pH level of water down to a more desirable level.

What is the healthiest dark beer? ›

Darker beers, such as stouts and porters, and extra hoppy beers, such as DIPAs and Imperial IPAs are the healthiest, along with Trappist beers and spontaneous fermented beers, such as Lambics and Gose.

Is dark beer healthier than normal beer? ›

Calorie-wise, you may be tempted to grab a light lager, but for health benefits, a dark beer is the better choice. Dark beers tend to have the most antioxidants, which help reverse cellular damage that occurs naturally in the body.

What type of beer is Stella Artois? ›

Although the name may sound French, it is actually a Belgian lager! Stella Artois, or Stella for short, brews many other beers, but they are mostly known for their self-titled lager. Stella is a great beer choice for those who enjoy lagers, and it goes with almost any meal.

Why is IPA called IPA? ›

Let's get this first question out of the way – IPA stands for Indian Pale Ale or India Pale Ale. During British colonial times, sailors were looking for a beer recipe that would be easy to preserve on the long trips from Britain to India.

What type of beer is Heineken? ›

Heineken is a lager style of beer so it is heavier than other types. It has more of a stronger taste to it. Heineken is a 5% ABV beer made without any additives. The yeast and barley make the beer thicker to have a great taste when you drink it.

Is Guinness a dark lager? ›

Crisp from the start and featuring a subtle flavour profile, Guinness Black Lager is a dark beer with a lighter side. Dreamt up by our pioneering brewers, it's made with the finest lager hops and crafted using traditional cold brewing methods.

Is a German lager a dark beer? ›

Dunkel, or Dunkles, is a word used for several types of dark German lager. Dunkel is the German word meaning "dark", and dunkel beers typically range in color from amber to dark reddish brown. They are characterized by their smooth, malty flavor.

Is Budweiser a dark beer? ›

Budweiser is a 5.0% ABV Adjunct pale lager that was introduced in 1876 by Adolphus Busch and has become one of the best selling beers in the United States.

Is Heineken A Mexican beer? ›

Heineken is not German.

It moved production from Amsterdam to Zoeterwoude, in South Holland, in 1975. As such, Heineken is Dutch — and its subsidiaries are Mexican, Jamaican, Haitian, Italian, English, Irish, Belgian, American, and, as of recently, Ecuadorian.

Is Corona a dark beer? ›

Corona is a Pale Lager

A pale lager (also known as a pilsner) is a very pale golden-colored beer. Others describe its color to be blonde or even light orange. Some people might even say it's bottled sunshine—we know we would, considering the sun is its namesake. Pale lagers are typically lighter in taste.

Is Budweiser a dark lager? ›

This is a specialty lager brewed with toasted two-row barley and aged to perfection on six-year Jim Beam bourbon barrel staves for flavorful chocolate rye and toasted malt taste, a dark auburn color, an oaky aroma with coffee and chocolate notes and a deliciously smooth finish.

Why drink coffee after beer? ›

When alcohol is mixed with caffeine, the caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, making drinkers feel more alert than they would otherwise. As a result, they may drink more alcohol and become more impaired than they realize, increasing the risk of alcohol-attributable harms.

What is beer with coffee called? ›

Stouts aren't the only type of beer made with coffee. Coffee porters have also become popular for beer lovers, with the main difference being the malt chosen for the batch. Porters typically require malted barley, while stouts are usually made from unmalted roasted barley.

How do you make dark beer taste better? ›

Although somewhat unusual, salt is probably the most popular flavor enhancer, and it helps mitigate beer's natural bitterness, making it more drinkable. Putting salt and lemon in your beer may seem strange, but it's a common practice and a classic trick for experienced beer drinkers.

What beer is easiest on the liver? ›

But apparently there's one kind of beer that's a little less toxic than every other kind of alcohol. According to a new study published in Oxford's Alcohol and Alcoholism journal, scientists discovered that hoppy beer is significantly less harmful to the liver than liquor and even beer without hops.

What is the best homebrew efficiency? ›

So, a brewhouse efficiency of 70%, which falls right in line with most homebrewing efficiency numbers, which are usually between 65 and 80 percent.

Which beer spoils fastest? ›

Mack says beer styles that rely on hop flavor are the most susceptible to going bad quickly. “IPAs are very much the most sensitive style to aging because hops die off exponentially quickly,” he says.

Can you drink 70 year old beer? ›

Short answer, no. Beer isn't like milk. With age, it doesn't actually expire or become unsafe to drink. Old beer's taste, however, will absolutely change.

Is it bad to ferment beer too long? ›

Beer, we always recommend that you bottle your beer no later than 24 days in the fermenter. You can go longer but the longer your beer sits the more chance you have to get an infection and get off-flavors in your beer.

How long should you leave homebrew before drinking? ›

After you bottle the beer, give it at least two weeks before drinking it. The yeast needs a few days to actually consume the sugar, and then a little more time is needed for the beer to absorb the carbon dioxide. (Read this post to learn about the science behind carbonation.)

What is the longest you can ferment beer? ›

Among most homebrewing enthusiast it is generally considered ill-advised to leave your beer for more than 4 weeks in primary or secondary fermentation. This 4-week mark is a safety net to make sure your beer doesn't oxidate and gets ruined, however, there are types of beer you can leave for longer.

Which beer styles have less hops? ›

Don't Like Hops? Here Are the Best Types of Beers to Try Instead of IPAs
  • Wheat Beers. ...
  • Stouts. ...
  • Lagers. ...
  • Sour and Fruity Beers. ...
  • Find Great Alternatives to Bitter IPAs at Columbia Distributing.
Apr 4, 2022

What makes a beer more hoppy? ›

Bittering Hops

Hops are added to the wort when it enters the boiling stage of the brewing process. The high temperatures that the plant is exposed to causes the release of Isohumulone, which adds a bitter flavor to the hot wort. Certain varieties of hop are preferred by brewers to use for this purpose.

What type of beer has less hops? ›

If your preferences lie to the lighter side, look for a “hefeweizen”— a German-style wheat beer. Bitterness is low in these effervescent ales and there is no hop flavor.

Do stouts have more hops? ›

Most stouts rely on their rich, roasted barley malt to create their flavors and have very few hops in comparison to IPA beers. IPAs are almost overloaded with hops that give it's bitter, edgy flavor over other types of pale ales.

Do light beers have less hops? ›

Light Beer Ingredients & Process

While darker beers tend to use barley, lighter beers typically contain more hops. The hops are roasted in short time increments and at lower temperatures, which significantly contributes to their lighter appearance.

Does IPA have more hops? ›

IPAs are often highly hopped (more than40 IBU and commonly over 60 IBU), whereas lagers are generally far more subtly hopped (around 20-40 IBU).

Is Guinness beer hoppy? ›

Guinness has a malty sweetness and a hoppy bitterness, with notes of coffee and chocolate. A roasted flavor also comes through, courtesy of the roasted unmalted barley that goes into its brewing.

Why is hoppy beer better for liver? ›

Fatty liver disease is one of the biggest risk factors for alcohol drinkers. But a new study published in the journal Alcohol and Alcoholism suggests that hops, an ingredient in bitter beers, may protect the liver by guarding against the build up of liver fat.

Why is IPA beer so bitter? ›

American Craft Beer reports that the answer to both questions is hops. Per VinePair, adding more hops — the flower of a female plant called Humulus lupulus, and a member of the hemp family — is what makes an IPA a bitter beer.

Do hops make beer more bitter? ›

Adding hops early in the brewing process contributes bitterness to beer. Adding hops later in the brewing process contributes more to the beer's aroma. But you can still add hops early in the process and end up with a notably un-bitter beer.

Does Heineken have hops in it? ›

Our Heineken® lager contains three main ingredients: malted barley, hop extract and water. When our Heineken A-Yeast® is added, this is when Heineken® magically transforms into the brew we all know and love.

What German beer has no hops? ›

Berliner Weissbier

This is the perfect beer for a springtime co*cktail hour. There are lots of wild, unique, fruity flavors despite the fact that this beer usually contains little to no hops.

Which is better IPA or stout? ›

These two versions are quite different. If you like the roundness and want a fleshy whisky you will go to the stout and if you want more freshness you will go to the IPA. On the other hand, in both cases the impact of ageing in beer barrels is marked and significantly changes the taste of JAMESON whiskey.

What makes a stout thick? ›

Creating a Thick, Velvety Stout

Look for a finishing gravity upward of 1.040+ Don't be afraid to use Calcium Chloride upward of 150 PPM. Mash at 153F or higher. Use English Ale yeast that helps leave more residual sugars (optional if above 1.120 OG)

Why is stout better than beer? ›

Stout contains antioxidants!

And although they're in all beers, stout contains nearly twice the amount of antioxidants found in light-coloured lagers. Stout is packed with flavonoids, the antioxidants that give fruit and vegetables their dark colour.

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