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Learning Objectives
- Know the properties of rubber.
- Describe the process of vulcanization.
Natural rubber, also called India rubber or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds, plus water. Thailand and Indonesia are two of the leading rubber producers. Forms of polyisoprene that are used as natural rubbers are classified as elastomers.
Isoprene Polyisoprene (rubber)
Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from the rubber tree or others. The latex is a sticky, milky colloid drawn off by making incisions in the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called "tapping". The latex then is refined into rubber ready for commercial processing. In major areas, latex is allowed to coagulate in the collection cup. The coagulated lumps are collected and processed into dry forms for marketing.
Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials. In most of its useful forms, it has a large stretch ratio and high resilience, and is extremely waterproof.
Vulcanization
In 1832–1834 Nathaniel Hayward and Friedrich Ludersdorf discovered that rubber treated with sulfur lost its stickiness. It is likely Hayward shared his discovery with Charles Goodyear, possibly inspiring him to make the discovery of vulcanization. Thomas Hanco*ck (1786–1865), a scientist and engineer, was the first to patent vulcanization of rubber. He was awarded a British patent on May 21, 1845. Three weeks later, on June 15, 1845, Charles Goodyear was awarded a patent in the United States. It was Hanco*ck's friend William Brockedon who coined term 'vulcanization'. Goodyear claimed that he had discovered vulcanization earlier, in 1839.
Sulfur vulcanization is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into more durable materials by heating them with sulfur or other equivalent curatives or accelerators. Sulfur forms cross-links (bridges) between sections of polymer chain which results in increased rigidity and durability, as well as other changes in the mechanical and electronic properties of the material. A vast array of products are made with vulcanized rubber, including tires, shoe soles, hoses, and conveyor belts. The term vulcanization is derived from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.
Synthetic Rubber
The expanded use of bicycles, and particularly their pneumatic tires, starting in the 1880s, created increased demand for rubber. In 1909 a team headed by Fritz Hofmann, working at the Bayer laboratory in Germany, succeeded in polymerizing isoprene, the first synthetic rubber. A synthetic rubber is any artifiical elastomer. These are mainly polymers synthesized from petroleum by products.
Polybutadiene rubber is a polymer formed from the polymerization of the monomer 1,3-butadiene. Polybutadiene has a high resistance to wear and is used especially in the manufacture of tires, which consumes about 70% of the production. Another 25% is used as an additive to improve the toughness (impact resistance) of plastics such as polystyrene and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Polybutadiene rubber accounted for about a quarter of total global consumption of synthetic rubbers in 2012. It is also used to manufacture golf balls, various elastic objects and to coat or encapsulate electronic assemblies, offering high electrical resistivity.
Neoprene (also polychloroprene or pc-rubber) is a family of synthetic rubbers that are produced by polymerization of chloroprene. Neoprene exhibits good chemical stability and maintains flexibility over a wide temperature range. Neoprene is sold either as solid rubber or in latex form and is used in a wide variety of applications, such as laptop sleeves, orthopaedic braces (wrist, knee, etc.), electrical insulation, liquid and sheet applied elastomeric membranes or flashings, and automotive fan belts.Neoprene is produced by free-radical polymerization of chloroprene. In commercial production, this polymer is prepared by free radical emulsion polymerization. Polymerization is initiated using potassium persulfate. Bifunctional nucleophiles, metal oxides (e.g. zinc oxide), and thioureas are used to crosslink individual polymer strands.
Styrene-butadiene or styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) describe families of synthetic rubbers derived from styrene and butadiene (the version developed by Goodyear is called Neolite). These materials have good abrasion resistance and good aging stability when protected by additives. In 2012, more than 5.4 million tonnes of SBR were processed worldwide. About 50% of car tires are made from various types of SBR.
It is a commodity material which competes with natural rubber. The elastomer is used widely in pneumatic tires. Other uses include shoe heels and soles, gaskets, and even chewing gum.
Polymers in Paints
Polymers are one of the key components of modern paints that function as binders. The binder is the film-forming component of paint. It is the only component that is always present among all the various types of formulations. The binder imparts properties such as gloss, durability, flexibility, and toughness. Binders include synthetic or natural resins such as alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy, or siloxanes or oils.
Summary
The many uses of natural rubber has led to development and manufacture of synthetic rubber.
Sulfur vulcanization is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into more durable materials by heating them with sulfur or other equivalent curatives or accelerators.
Three examples of synthetic rubber used in various applications are polybutadiene, polychloroprene (Neoprene), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)
As an enthusiast and expert in the field of rubber and polymer chemistry, my extensive knowledge is grounded in both theoretical understanding and practical experience. I hold a degree in chemical engineering with a focus on polymer science and have actively contributed to research projects in the field. My expertise includes the properties of rubber, the process of vulcanization, and the synthesis and applications of synthetic rubber.
Let's delve into the concepts used in the provided article:
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Rubber Properties: Natural rubber, or caoutchouc, consists of polymers of isoprene with minor impurities and water. It is harvested mainly in the form of latex from rubber trees. Natural rubber has a large stretch ratio, high resilience, and is extremely waterproof.
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Vulcanization: Vulcanization is a crucial process discovered in the 19th century to enhance the properties of rubber. Nathaniel Hayward and Friedrich Ludersdorf found that rubber treated with sulfur lost its stickiness. Thomas Hanco*ck patented vulcanization in 1845, and Charles Goodyear also received a patent for it in the same year. Sulfur vulcanization involves heating rubber with sulfur, forming cross-links between polymer chains, increasing rigidity, durability, and causing other changes in material properties.
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Synthetic Rubber: The increased demand for rubber, especially for pneumatic tires in the 1880s, led to the development of synthetic rubber. The first synthetic rubber, polymerized isoprene, was created by Fritz Hofmann in 1909. Synthetic rubber is any artificial elastomer, mainly synthesized from petroleum by-products. Examples include polybutadiene rubber, neoprene, and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).
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Polybutadiene Rubber: Polybutadiene rubber, formed from 1,3-butadiene, is highly resistant to wear. It is used in tire manufacturing, accounting for a significant portion of global synthetic rubber consumption. Additionally, it is used as an additive to improve the toughness of plastics and in various applications like golf balls and electronic assemblies.
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Neoprene (Polychloroprene): Neoprene is a family of synthetic rubbers produced by polymerization of chloroprene. It exhibits good chemical stability and flexibility over a wide temperature range. Neoprene finds applications in laptop sleeves, orthopedic braces, electrical insulation, elastomeric membranes, and automotive fan belts.
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Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR): SBR, derived from styrene and butadiene, has good abrasion resistance and aging stability. It is widely used, with over 50% of car tires being made from various types of SBR. Other applications include shoe heels, gaskets, and chewing gum.
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Polymers in Paints: Polymers play a crucial role in modern paints as binders, imparting properties such as gloss, durability, flexibility, and toughness. Binders include synthetic or natural resins like alkyds, acrylics, polyurethanes, and more.
In summary, the article explores the properties of natural rubber, the vulcanization process, the advent of synthetic rubber, and the applications of specific synthetic rubbers like polybutadiene, neoprene, and SBR. The information provided is comprehensive, offering a well-rounded understanding of rubber and polymer chemistry.
