What is Umami? (2024)

The Fifth Taste

Umami is a term coined by a Japanese scientist in the early twentieth century to describe a fifth basic taste. It's a separate taste from salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. It is the taste you sense when you plug your nose and take a sip of chicken soup or eat a pork chop or take a bite of parmesan cheese. Although it's often described as being "savory" or "sweet," the taste buds responsible for detecting umami flavor are distinct from those that detect salt and sugar. This makes it a unique taste that can't be described using other words, similar to how salt can't be described as anything other than salty.

History

Humans have been striving to increase umami in food since the dawn of human civilization. In ancient Europe, a fermented fish sauce called garum was widely used as a seasoning by Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans, while in Asia, soy sauce was created by fermenting soybeans.

The compounds responsible for this taste were poorly understood until Japanese scientist Kikunae Ikeda isolated glutamic acid from kelp in 1907. He proposed the link between this amino acid and the taste he called umami (旨味 - literally the "essence of taste"). The validity of professor Ikeda's work was debated for decades, and it wasn't until 1985 that the global scientific community accepted umami as a basic taste.

Biology

Taste buds are our body's way of recognizing foods that contain nutrients that our bodies need, while also helping us avoid toxins. Just like we have taste buds on our tongues to detect salty, sweet, sour, and bitter tastes, we have several taste receptors(mGluR1, mGluR4, and TAS1R1 + TAS1R3) capable of recognizing various compounds as umami. These receptors bind with amino acids such as glutamate, signaling your brain about the hit, which then interprets it as umami.

Some of these taste receptors can also bind with nucleotides, such as inosine monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP), which creates a synergistic effect that's a bit like adding 1+1 and getting 10.

As for why we crave umami foods, biology is part of it, but it may also be psychological. Breast milk and its analogs are extremely rich sources of amino acids, so for most of us, our first taste memories are literally loaded with umami.Just thinking about these foods can get your saliva flowing.

How to make umami in food

Although coaxing umami out of food is a hallmark of Japanese cuisine, you could make the argument that it's the cornerstone of cuisine from any part of the world. The world's most popular foods are all umami powerhouses, like pizza, hamburgers, sushi, and fried chicken. Ketchup, soy sauce, and even bacon are packed with this flavor. Although it wasn't codified until relatively recently, chefs have always been striving to increase the level of umami in their foods. With that in mind, here are three ways you can increase the umami taste and depth of flavor in foods:

1. Use amino acid and nucleotide-rich ingredients - One way to increase the flavor in recipes is to add ingredients rich in compounds that our mouths interpret as umami. Alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and proline are just a few examples and can be found in a wide variety of plants such as seaweeds, and meat, aged cheeses, and seafood. Nucleotides such as IMP and GMP have a synergistic effect with amino acids boosting the sensation of umami beyond what either one alone would produce. IMP is found in meat and seafood, while dried mushrooms are a rich source of GMP.Try this out for yourself by making a batch of my Umami Seasoning Salt.
2. Cooking - The act of heating food to cook it results in the degradation of protein into their constituent amino acids. This alone can increase the taste of umami in food, but as the temperature rises, you get a form of non-enzymatic browning called the Maillard reaction. Whether it's the browned crust on bread or sautéed onions, the Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that creates new flavor compounds as well as umami.
3. Fermentation - This is the least accessible of the three methods for increasing umami, because the fermentation process is time-consuming. However, it can be the most effective, as microbes and the enzymes they release breakdown protein into amino acids. Some examples of this are soy sauce (soybeans and wheat), miso (soybeans and rice or barley), cheese (milk), katsuobushi (the dried fermented fish used in dashi), and sake (rice). These fermented foods can also be added to non-fermented foods to increase the taste of umami.

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