What Happens When You Sleep: The Science of Sleep | Sleep Foundation (2024)

How Does Sleep Change During the Night?

During a normal sleep period, you progress through four to five sleep cycles. Each sleep cycle is made up of four individual sleep stages.

The four stages of sleep are further broken down into two categories: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. These categories are important because what happens during REM sleep is dramatically different from what happens during non-REM stages.

The first three stages of sleep are composed of non-REM activity. Stage 1 is short, representing the act of dozing off and transitioning into sleep. In Stage 2 the body and mind slow down as you settle into sleep. It’s easiest to be awoken during these first two stages.

In Stage 3, also known as deep sleep, the body is in recovery mode, slowing down even further. At the same time, overall brain activity slows and shows a tell-tale pattern of pulses of activity Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source that are believed to help prevent unwanted awakenings.

The fourth stage is REM sleep. During REM periods, brain activity shoots back up to levels similar to when you’re awake – which explains why REM is associated with the most intense dreams. While breathing and heart rate increase during REM sleep, most muscles are paralyzed, which keeps us from acting out those vivid dreams.

Each sleep cycle takes between 70 and 120 minutes Trusted Source Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical SchoolA production of WGBH Educational Foundation and the Harvard Medical School Division of Sleep Medicine.View Source . In the first sleep cycles of the night, more time is spent in non-REM sleep. The majority of REM sleep happens during the second half of the night. The progression of sleep stages and cycles in one sleep period is known as sleep architecture.

What Happens to Your Brain and Body During Sleep?

Virtually every part of the body experiences notable changes during sleep. Upon falling asleep, thousands of neurons in the brain switch from waking to sleeping state Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source , sending signals throughout the body.

While the biological role of sleep still isn’t fully understood, research demonstrates that it reinforces the cardiovascular and immune systems and helps regulate metabolism. What happens during sleep can be seen in notable changes in core bodily processes.

Breathing

Breathing slows during non-REM sleep with respiration reaching its lowest rates during deep sleep stage three. Breathing ramps up and may become irregular during REM sleep.

Heart Rate

As with breathing, heart rate begins to slow during Stage 1 and reaches its slowest pace during Stage 3. On the other hand, during REM sleep, the pulse quickens to nearly the same rate as when awake.

Muscle Tone

Muscles gradually relax during each stage of non-REM sleep, and the body’s total energy expenditure drops Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source . During the REM stage, most muscles are paralyzed in a condition known as atonia. This keeps the legs and arms from flailing in response to dream content. Respiratory and eye muscles stay active, though, and the darting of the eyes behind closed eyelids is the inspiration for the name rapid eye movement sleep.

Brain Activity

When measured during sleep, brain waves show clear patterns associated with each sleep stage. In the early parts of non-REM sleep, brain waves slow down considerably; however, in Stage 2 and Stage 3, there are numerous quick bursts ofbrain activity.

In REM sleep, brain activity accelerates, showing markedly different types of brain waves. Heightened brain activity is why REM sleep is known as the stage most associated with vivid dreaming.

REM sleep is thought to enable critical cognitive abilities Trusted Source Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical SchoolA production of WGBH Educational Foundation and the Harvard Medical School Division of Sleep Medicine.View Source , including memory consolidation, but non-REM sleep, even with reduced brain activity, is also believed to play a role in facilitating proper brain function while awake.

Dreaming

Dreaming is most prevalent and intense during REM sleep, but it can occur during any sleep stage Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source . That said, dreams that happen during non-REM and REM sleep tend to show different patterns Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source with REM dreams often being more fanciful, immersive, or bizarre.

Hormone Levels

Sleep and the body’s internal clock, or circadian rhythm, play an important role in regulating the production of numerous hormones Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source including:

• Melatonin, which helps promote sleep
• Growth hormone, which supports bone and muscle development as well as metabolism
• Cortisol, which is part of the body’s stress response system
• Leptin and ghrelin, which help control appetite

Hormone levels fluctuate during different sleep stages, and quality of sleep may also affect daytime hormone production.

What Happens When You Have Problems Sleeping?

When you have sleeping problems, you may not get the restorative benefits that come from what normally happens during sleep. The specific effects depend on the type of sleeping problem and its cause.

What Happens if You Have Insomnia?

People with insomnia have a hard time falling asleep or staying asleep for as long as they want to, which means that they get insufficient total sleep. As a result, they may not progress through enough sleep cycles to get proper rest, leading to daytime sleepiness as well as negative effects on mood and thinking.

Sleep deprivation, which often occurs with insomnia, can throw off the balance of sleep architecture. For example, after going without enough sleep, people often experience a REM sleep rebound Trusted Source National Center for Biotechnology InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source , spending a disproportionate amount of time in REM sleep. This can cause too much brain activity, which in turn can leave you feeling irritable and may worsen mental health issues like anxiety and depression.

What Happens During Sleep if You Have a Sleep Disorder?

Sleep disorders can negatively affect what happens when you sleep. For example, restless leg syndrome or disrupted breathing from sleep apnea can cause frequent awakenings that interrupt the normal sleep cycle, reducing restorative sleep. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders can lead to insufficient sleep or abnormal sleep architecture.

What Happens When You Sleep Too Much?

Hypersomnia is a condition marked by sleeping too much. People with hypersomnia often experience excessive daytime sleepiness and may find it hard to stay awake when they need to. Studies indicate that hypersomnia is associated with changes in sleep architecture Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source , such as a reduction in deep sleep and an increase in NREM sleep, which may affect overall sleep quality.

References

10 Sources