A commodity is a basic good used in commerce that’s interchangeable with other commodities of the same type. While the quality of a given commodity may differ slightly, it’s essentially uniform across producers. Once troy ounce of gold, for example, is basically the same product – regardless of the producer. (See also: Commodity Investing 101.)
Commodity prices usually rise when inflation accelerates, making them an important hedge against rising prices, potentially protecting the purchasing power of investor capital.
Commodities are also valuable in terms of diversification. Bonds are only minimally correlated with stocks, making them an effective tool in diversifying investments. Commodities provide even further diversification in that, historically, they have beennegatively correlatedto both stocks and bonds. Commodities such as gold are also often looked to as safe havens in periods of geopolitical uncertainty.
While there are several ways investors can access commodities – including the futures and options markets – ETFs offer an easy and cost-effective way to gain exposure to a variety of commodities. (For more, see: Commodities Trading: An Overview.)
SPDRGold Shares – GLD
SPDRGold Shares (GLD) is one of the largestETFsin the world. The fund was designed to track thespot price of gold bullion. Each share represents ownership in one tenth of an ounce of gold held by the fund.
GLD is physically backed, meaning the shares are backed by the fund’s holdings of the precious metal (the gold is held in HSBC’s vault in London). It was the first U.S.-traded gold ETF and the first U.S.-listed ETF backed by a physical asset.
As the price of gold rises or falls,GLDmoves up or down. Key factors that influence the price movement in gold prices (and, therefore, the ETF) include the level of production, the level of demand, the value of the U.S. dollar andcentral bankpolicy. Note that because the IRS considers gold a collectible, taxes on long-term gains are high.
Introduced by State Street Global Advisors in 2004, GLD has total assets of $35.40 billion as of Feb. 23, 2018, an average trading volume of 7.6 million shares and a 0.40% expense ratio.
iShares Gold Trust – IAU
iShares Gold Trust ETF (IAU) is another gold-specific ETF. It provides exposure to the day-to-day movement of the price of gold bullion. The fund keeps in gold in vaults scattered around the world. It doesn’t attempt to profit from the gold by selling it when price rises; instead, fund managers consider IAU a way for investors to buy and hold gold bullion. As a result, the fund tends to be very stable. Note that because the IRS considers gold a collectible, taxes on long-term gains are high.
Launched in 2005, IAU has total assets of $11.32 billion as of Feb. 23, 2018, an average trading volume of 9.0 million shares and a 0.25% expense ratio.
iSharesSilver Trust – SLV
BlackRock’siSharesSilver Trust (SLV) is designed to track the spot price of silver bullion. Compared to gold, silver has many industrial uses and its price tends to be more volatile due to its smaller market size. One share ofSLVrepresents ownership of slightly less than one ounce of silver. Major factors influencing the price of silver include industrial and consumer demand, the value of gold and the value of the U.S. Dollar.
Launched in 2006, SLV has total assets of $5.26 billion as of Feb. 23, 2018, an average daily volume of 7.4 million shares and an expense ratio of 0.50%.
PowerSharesDB Commodity Index Tracking Fund – DBC
PowerSharesDB Commodity Index Tracking Fund (DBC) provides an option for investors looking to invest in a basket of commodities. The fund tracks theDBIQOptimum Yield Diversified Commodity Index Excess Return. The Index comprises futures contracts on 14 of the most heavily traded and important physical commodities in the world, covering energy, agriculture, and metals (precious and industrial). The commodities included in the Index are light sweet crude oil (WTI), heating oil,RBOBgasoline, natural gas, Brent crude, gold, silver, aluminum, zinc, copper corn, wheat, soybeans and sugar.
Depending on the specific commodity, major factors that influence prices can include any combination of supply and demand, weather conditions, geopolitical events, climate factors, labor, levels of stock/reserves, currency exchange rates, government regulation, emerging market demand, substitutes, energy prices and the level of inflation.
Launched in 2006, DBC has total assets of $2.58 billion, an average daily volume of 2.2 million shares and an expense ratio of 0.85%.
United States Oil Fund LP – USO
Crude oil – sometimes called "black gold" – is one of the most important and closely watched commodities in the world. The United States Oil Fund (USO) is the largest crude oilETFby assets under management and average daily volume of contracts traded. The fund is designed to provide investors with exposure to West Texas Intermediate (WTI) light, sweet crude oil. To track the daily price movements and provide exposure to WTI crude oil, USO holds front-month futures contracts on crude oil. This means the fund must roll its contracts by selling the futures contracts expiring in the near month and buying the oil futures contracts expiring the next month. Because of that rolling, the fund charges a higher expense ratio than some of its peers.
Factors that influence the price of crude oil (and the ETF) include supply in terms of output, the level of oil reserves, the level of demand and geopolitical news. Rising levels of output and reserves tend to force crude oil prices lower, while declining levels push the price of crude oil higher. Geopolitical news and events, particularly out of the Middle East, can influence the price of oil. A perceived threat to supply levels (such as an imminent hurricane in the Gulf)will push oil prices higher.
Launched in 2006, USO has total assets of $12.03 billion as of Feb. 23, 2018, an average daily volume of 23.0 million shares and an expense ratio of 0.77%.
The Bottom Line
The rapid expansion of theETFuniverse bears testimony to their popularity with investors and their effectiveness in enabling broad ranging asset allocation.ETFsprovide a versatile and cost-efficient portfolio diversification vehicle for both small and large investors alike. Importantly, in contrast to mutual funds, the high level of transparency offered byETFsempowers investors because they can have a clearer understanding of what they are investing in.
