Late-Night Eating Impact (2024)

New study provides experimental evidence that late eating may increase hunger, obesity risk

By KIRA SAMPSON | Brigham and Women's Communications Research

5 min read

Late-Night Eating Impact (1)

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Obesity afflicts approximately 42 percent of the U.S. adult population and contributes to the onset of chronic diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and other conditions.

While popular healthy diet mantras advise against midnight snacking, few studies have comprehensively investigated the simultaneous effects of late eating on the three main players in weight regulation and thus obesity risk: regulation of calorie intake, the number of calories you burn, and molecular changes in fat tissue.

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A new study by Harvard Medical School investigators at Brigham and Women’s Hospital found that when we eat significantly impacts our energy expenditure, appetite, and molecular pathways in adipose tissue. Their results are published in Cell Metabolism.

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“We wanted to test the mechanisms that may explain why late eating increases obesity risk,” explained senior author Frank Scheer, HMS professor of medicine and director of the Medical Chronobiology Program in the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders at Brigham and Women’s.

“Previous research by us and others had shown that late eating is associated with increased obesity risk, increased body fat, and impaired weight loss success. We wanted to understand why,” he said.

“In this study, we asked does the time that we eat matter when everything else is kept consistent,” said first author Nina Vujović, a researcher in the Medical Chronobiology Program.

“And we found that eating four hours later makes a significant difference for our hunger levels, the way we burn calories after we eat, and the way we store fat.”

Vujović, Scheer, and their team studied 16 patients with a body mass index in the overweight or obese range. Each participant completed two laboratory protocols: one with a strictly scheduled early meal schedule, and the other with the same meals, each scheduled about four hours later in the day.

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In the last two to three weeks before starting each of the in-laboratory protocols, participants maintained fixed sleep and wake schedules, and in the final three days before entering the laboratory, they strictly followed identical diets and meal schedules at home.

In the lab, participants regularly documented their hunger and appetite, provided frequent small blood samples throughout the day, and had their body temperature and energy expenditure measured.

To measure how eating time affected molecular pathways involved in adipogenesis, or how the body stores fat, investigators collected biopsies of adipose tissue from a subset of participants during laboratory testing in both the early and late eating protocols, to enable comparison of gene expression patterns/levels between these two eating conditions.

Results revealed that eating later had profound effects on hunger and the appetite-regulating hormones leptin and ghrelin, which influence our drive to eat. Specifically, levels of the hormone leptin, which signals satiety, were decreased across the 24 hours in the late eating conditions compared to the early eating conditions.

When participants ate later, they also burned calories at a slower rate and exhibited adipose tissue gene expression toward increased adipogenesis and decreased lipolysis, which promote fat growth.

Notably, these findings convey converging physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the correlation between late eating and increased obesity risk.

Vujović explained that these findings are not only consistent with a large body of research suggesting that eating later may increase one’s likelihood of developing obesity, but they shed new light on how this might occur.

By using a randomized crossover study, and tightly controlling for behavioral and environmental factors such as physical activity, posture, sleep, and light exposure, investigators were able to detect changes in the different control systems involved in energy balance, a marker of how our bodies use the food we consume.

In future studies, Scheer’s team aims to recruit more women to increase the generalizability of their findings to a broader population. While this study cohort included only five female participants, the study was set up to control for menstrual phase, reducing confounding but making recruiting women more difficult.

Going forward, Scheer and Vujović are also interested in better understanding the effects of the relationship between mealtime and bedtime on energy balance.

“This study shows the impact of late versus early eating. Here, we isolated these effects by controlling for confounding variables like caloric intake, physical activity, sleep, and light exposure, but in real life, many of these factors may themselves be influenced by meal timing,” said Scheer.

“In larger scale studies, where tight control of all these factors is not feasible, we must at least consider how other behavioral and environmental variables alter these biological pathways underlying obesity risk, ” he said.

This study was funded by R01DK099512, UL1TR001102 and UL1TR002541. F.A.J.L.S. was supported by NIH grants R01DK099512, R01HL118601, R01DK102696, and R01DK105072 and R01HL140574. M.J.P. and M.J.B. were supported by DK020595. M.G. was supported by the Spanish Government of Investigation, Development and Innovation (SAF2017-84135-R), including FEDER co-funding; the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia through the Seneca Foundation (20795/PI/18), and NIDDK R01DK099512. S.L.C. was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. J.Q. was supported by the American Diabetes Association (Award 1-17-PDF-103) and by the NIH (Grant K99HL148500 and R01DK102696).

Disclosures: During the execution of this project, Scheer received lecture fees from Bayer HealthCare, Sentara Healthcare, Philips, Vanda Pharmaceuticals, and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals; received consulting fees from the University of Alabama at Birmingham; and served on the board of directors for the Sleep Research Society. Scheer’s interests were reviewed and managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. None of these are related to the current work. Vujović has been compensated for consulting services provided to the Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, also unrelated to the current work.

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FAQs

How late night eating can impact health? ›

So, extra calorie intake from late-night eating could trigger weight gain, which in turn can lead to obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome (a group of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, diabetes and stroke) if you make it a habit.

What happens when you eat too late at night? ›

May Cause Digestive Issues

According to a 2020 article in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, late-night snacking could lead to gastrointestinal discomfort during sleep, such as indigestion, heartburn and acid reflux.

Can I eat at 10pm and still lose weight? ›

While eating before bed may not be the best idea for some people, it can benefit others — it may actually curb nighttime eating and aid weight loss. Some evidence suggests that, rather than causing weight gain, eating a bedtime snack may help some people lose weight.

How does late night eating affect sleep? ›

Research shows that eating high-calorie meals with large amounts of fat or carbohydrates less than an hour before bedtime can extend the time. View Source it takes to fall asleep. By contrast, eating meals high in carbohydrates at least four hours before bedtime can decrease the time spent awake in bed before sleeping.

What does eating late at night do to your brain? ›

Meal timing can also influence the production of hormones involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle [10]. Consequently, late night eating can make it more difficult to fall asleep and reduce sleep quality, which can also negatively impact brain function.

How bad is late night snacking? ›

The Effects of Snacking at Night

If you eat too many calories too often, you'll gain weight. Impact work performance and mental health. Overeating at night could cause symptoms like headaches, diarrhea, and stomachaches the next day.

How bad is eating before bed? ›

Eating before bed can make it harder to fall asleep, and it can also trigger nighttime heartburn. Not to mention, having a meal when you are tired can lead to overeating—a habit that may eventually cause more health problems down the road. This article will go over what you should know about sleeping after eating.

Is it OK to eat late at night once in awhile? ›

Research suggests that, if possible, it's best to avoid eating for three to four hours before your usual bedtime, Dr. St-Onge said. That timing is likely better for your long-term health, and may also reduce symptoms of acid reflux, which can interfere with sleep, Dr. Hanlon added.

Does eating late at night age you? ›

Scientists have discovered that avoiding late-night eating may help reduce aging markers in muscles and the gut, as well as significantly increase lifespan. You can advise patients to eat in accordance with their circadian rhythms by avoiding food 3 hours prior to sleeping.

Does late night eating cause belly fat? ›

You won't gain weight by merely eating later if you eat within your daily calorie needs. Still, studies show that nighttime eaters typically make poorer food choices and eat more calories, which can lead to weight gain. If you're hungry after dinner, chose nutrient-dense foods and low-calorie beverages.

What time should you stop eating at night to lose belly fat? ›

There's no set time you should stop eating to lose belly fat, but, as a guideline, you should avoid eating two to three hours before bed to stop it from disrupting your sleep and body clocks, which can cause belly fat gain. Studies show early dinners can help people lose weight.

How late is too late to eat? ›

It's important to make sure you're not eating within three to four hours of going to sleep, but it's also important to make sure you're not eating trigger foods—especially late at night.

What are the benefits of eating late at night? ›

Pro: Protein-filled snacks aid in rebuilding muscle while you sleep. Late-night eating can be a boost for your muscles if you worked out earlier in the day. Choose snacks that are high in protein, such as cheese, nuts, or chickpeas, to prep your body to rebuild while you sleep.

Is it a bad habit to eat late at night? ›

Takeaway. Nighttime eating has been associated with excess calorie intake, obesity, and poor health. If you're struggling to stop eating at night, some tips may help you change your habits. These may include eating more protein during the day, practicing relaxation techniques, and identifying your triggers.

What happens when you eat too close to bedtime? ›

Avoiding meals close to bedtime is a common piece of sleep hygiene advice. It is thought that meals close to sleep onset contribute to poor sleep quality through gastrointestinal discomfort, heartburn, and reflux [18,19].

Is it bad to eat at 10pm? ›

So when exactly should you stop eating at night? Scientists can't agree on a single set time, but the consensus seems to be within three hours before bedtime. So if you go to bed at 11 p.m., don't eat after 8 p.m. Banishing late night snacks after that time could help alleviate the symptoms of acid reflux disease, too.

Should I eat at 3am if I'm hungry? ›

What Experts Say About Late-Night Snacking. "If you're hungry at night, you should eat something," says Sarah Pflugradt, M.S., RD, a family nutrition expert. "Eating at night will not slow down your metabolism, and if you're smart about snacking, you won't gain weight either.

Is it bad to eat late at night if you're hungry? ›

No conclusive evidence suggests eating at night is automatically harmful to your health — but eating certain foods before bed may disrupt your sleep. In general, experts recommend eating your last meal or snack at least two to three hours before bed to give your body time to digest.

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