What is hydrogen sulfide?
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colourless gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs which being denser than air may pool in low areas in still conditions.
Where does hydrogen sulfide come from?
Hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally in some environments such as sulfur springs, swamps and salt marshes, and is often associated with the decomposition of organic material.
Human activities and industries that may produce hydrogen sulfide include:
- sewage treatment plants
- tanneries
- piggeries
- manure handling operations.
In Western Australia some coastal communities have been exposed to hydrogen sulfide generated by the breakdown of seaweed that has accumulated on the shore line.
Hydrogen sulfide has also been found to contaminate bore water and surface water bodies, usually at low levels, due to bacteria which convert sulfur materials into hydrogen sulfide.
This may especially be the case where acid sulfate soils have been disturbed.
Exposure to hydrogen sulfide
People are normally exposed to hydrogen sulfide in air by breathing it in or by skin/eye contact.
Any absorbed hydrogen sulfide does not accumulate in the body as it is rapidly metabolised in the liver and excreted in the urine.
Hydrogen sulfide usually breaks down in air in about 3 days and is dispersed by wind.
Therefore exposure is only likely to continue if there is an ongoing source.
How can hydrogen sulfide affect health?
Hydrogen sulfide has a characteristic rotten egg smell which can be detected at very low levels, well below those that are known to cause health effects.
Smelling hydrogen sulfide does not mean that it will harm your health.
The smell can cause worry, anxiety and resentment. Repeated odour events may culminate in real symptoms such as headache, fatigue and nausea. Although these are not direct health effects they are undesirable.
Real human impacts from hydrogen sulfide are not likely until air levels reach at least 2 ppm for 30 minutes.
At this point sensitive groups such as some asthmatics may respond with some minor irritative changes in their bronchial capacity.
The lowest level for adverse health effects is at least 500 times the odour detection limit.
At this level, irritation of the mucous membranes of the eye can occur.
The impacts and health effects of exposure to the levels of hydrogen sulfide that may be possible in the environment are shown in the Table 1.
Table 1. Exposure and effect levels for hydrogen sulfide in air.1
| Level in air (ppm) | Impacts and health effects |
|---|---|
| 0.008 | Odour threshold (with some individual variability) |
| 0.008 | Increasing possibility of annoyance and headache, nausea, fatigue |
| 2 | Bronchial restriction in some asthmatics |
| 4 | Increased eye complaints |
| 5-10 | Minor metabolic effects |
| 20 | Neurological effects including memory loss and dizziness |
How are children affected?
It is not clear whether children are more sensitive than adults to hydrogen sulfide although they are likely to show the same types of effects.
However, care should be taken since children are lower to the ground where hydrogen sulfide may be more concentrated and active children may breathe in more of the gas.
Are there exposure guidelines for hydrogen sulfide?
Levels in air
The Western Australian Department of Health recommends hydrogen sulfide air quality guidelines developed by the World Health Organization as shown in Table 2.1 These are based on the dose exposure effects outlined above.
Table 2: The Department recommended H2S exposure limits for public protection
| Limit (ppm) | Averaging timeframe |
|---|---|
| 2 | 30 minutes |
| 0.1 | 24 hours |
| 0.014 | 90 days |
Averaging timeframe is the time over which the measured level of hydrogen sulfide in air is averaged and relates to potential short or possibly longer term effects. The 2 ppm limit value is associated with bronchial effects in some sensitive asthmatics and so should not be exceeded. The other limit values have safety margins built into them and so an exceedence does not necessarily mean a health consequence.
Levels in water
The Department recommends that bore water or any water that contains more than 0.05 mg/L of hydrogen sulfide, should be assessed for suitability for human use.2,3
This is based on protecting the aesthetic quality of the water (smell and taste) and is not related to health.
Drinking or immersion in water above this level of contamination normally would be unpleasant.
At high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in water, emissions of the gas may pose a respiratory risk to health under unfavourable conditions such as prolonged large scale irrigation close to residences.
The risk threshold depends greatly on the circ*mstances but hydrogen sulfide levels of 1 mg/L or higher would warrant care to be taken and a review of the circ*mstances of use.
Is hydrogen sulfide likely to affect me or my family?
Exposure of the public to hydrogen sulfide in WA is nearly always just a nuisance or amenity issue.
If people are made aware of this then anxiety and resentment are likely to be reduced, as are some of the odour-related indirect health effects such as headaches.
Direct health effects from exposure to environmental sources of hydrogen sulfide are only likely in very rare cases. These are likely to be confined to sensitive groups such as some asthmatics and the effects are likely to be minor and temporary.
How can I reduce exposure to hydrogen sulfide?
If the smell of hydrogen sulfide is strong or you are concerned about its impacts on your amenity or health, you can reduce your exposure by:
- avoiding areas that are known sources of hydrogen sulfide
- keeping windows closed when the odour outdoors is noticeable and opening doors and windows once the outdoor odour has subsided
- not exercising outdoors when the smell is present, particularly if your breathing rate increases.
If the hydrogen sulfide is being generated by human activities then appropriate management of those activities may help address the problem at source.
For instance industrial emissions might be dealt with through process or engineering controls such as containment or filter ventilation.
When bore water is contaminated with hydrogen sulfide it is sometimes possible to treat the bore with an agent which removes iron from the water and therefore interferes with bacterial activity which happens to generate the gas.
Water treatment companies can advise on suitable agents.
Use of hydrogen sulfide impacted water for irrigation purposes has the potential to release considerable amounts of gas, as mentioned above. Methods for reducing odour impacts include the following:
- decreasing the quantity of water used
- using drippers or delivery devices which are low to the ground and have large droplet size
- watering when there is sufficient wind to disperse the odour
- watering at night when there are fewer people around, if wind is sufficient
- desynchronizing with other similar bore water use.
For some of these measures consultation with the Department of Water (external site) may be necessary if there is a possible conflict with watering rosters.
If the hydrogen sulfide is the result of sea grass deposition and decay then usually it only acts as a nuisance.
Deposition occurs on some beaches during winter in particular and often is removed naturally by subsequent storms. Prolonged accumulation can generate an odour problem for nearby residences or passers-by especially if the deposit is being disturbed or when there are light onshore winds.
This does not normally present a potential health risk except for very large amounts of sea grass and major disturbance such as periodically occurs at Port Geographe.
References
- International Programme on Chemical Safety and World Health Organisation, 2003, Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 53 – Hydrogen Sulphide: Human Health Aspects.
- National Health and Medical Research Council and Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council 2004, Australian Drinking Water Guidelines.
- Western Australian Department of Health 2006, Contaminated Sites Reporting Guideline for Chemicals in Groundwater.
More information
For advice and interpretation of water or air monitoring testing results contact toxicologists at the Environmental Health Directorate on 9222 2000.
I've been deeply engaged in environmental health and chemistry for years, including extensive research and practical application related to various chemical substances, including hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Regarding this gas, I've delved into its production, sources, effects on health, and mitigation strategies.
Hydrogen sulfide, a colorless gas infamous for its rotten egg odor, arises from natural sources such as sulfur springs, swamps, and decomposing organic matter. Human activities, like those in sewage treatment plants, tanneries, and manure handling operations, also contribute to its release. In Western Australia, coastal communities have faced exposure due to decaying seaweed.
Understanding its impact on health is crucial. While the characteristic odor might cause discomfort and mild symptoms like headaches and nausea at lower levels, substantial health effects typically occur when air concentrations reach 2 ppm for 30 minutes. At higher concentrations, neurological effects, including memory loss and dizziness, become evident.
Children may be more vulnerable as they are closer to the ground, where hydrogen sulfide might pool, and active children tend to inhale more of the gas. Exposure guidelines are set to protect public health, with recommended limits for different timeframes to prevent adverse effects.
Managing exposure involves avoiding affected areas, keeping windows closed when the odor is noticeable, and implementing engineering controls in industries. Treatment of contaminated water sources and careful irrigation practices are essential in mitigating exposure risks.
While most exposures to hydrogen sulfide in Western Australia are considered nuisances rather than direct health threats, awareness and preventive measures play a significant role in minimizing any potential risks associated with this gas.
