Challenges and solutions for gluten-free pizza
Gluten is one of the most important structure-building proteins responsible for the appealing quality and structure of wheat-based products. Its unique viscoelastic properties render the development of gluten-free dough that has similar quality and structural properties a highly challenging task.
Pizza dough produced from gluten-free formulations lacks a cohesive and elastic nature due to the absence of gluten. In the recent past, various alternative approaches have been adopted to modify functional attributes necessary for gluten-free pizza development.
Gluten-free flour
Grains that can be used to replace wheat in gluten-free pizza are oat, rice, corn, sorghum, buckwheat, and teff, among others.2
Enzyme approaches2
Enzymes have been applied for improving dough rheological characteristics or dough-handling properties and for shelf-life extension of gluten-free products.
- Transglutaminase can be used for polymerizing proteins from one or more sources through the formation of intermolecular cross-links. Transglutaminase has successfully improved the rheological and handling properties of oat dough and rice dough.
- Glucose oxidase is a popular oxidizing enzyme used in the food industry. It has been shown to enhance the elastic-like properties of sorghum, corn, and rice flours.
- Amylase can modify gluten-free batter through hydrolysis, oxidation, or a protein cross-linking reaction, resulting in improvement of rheological properties and related product attributes.
- Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) (EC 2.4.1.19) can modify the pasting properties of different starches by converting starch and related sugars into cyclodextrins (CDs). CDs have the ability to entrap hydrophobic molecules in their internal cavity and act as a “molecular container.” Addition of CGTase to rice flour is known to affect its rheological properties.
- Tyrosinase and laccase are oxidative enzymes capable of catalyzing cross-linking biopolymers via their phenolic moieties. These enzymes can contribute in improving the viscoelastic properties of gluten-free pizza dough by the formation of covalent bonds within or between cereal biopolymers.
High-pressure (HP) application
Effects of HP have been examined on starches like barley, rice, sorghum, and flours like buckwheat, teff, rice, sorghum, and oats. Results have demonstrated the ability of HP to modify the viscoelastic and structural properties of cereal batters, through starch gelatinization as well as protein structural changes.2
Sourdough fermentation
Adding sourdough culture into gluten-free pizza dough can modify the dough’s rheological properties.2
Extrusion technology (Pre-extruded flours as a gluten substitute)
Extrusion processing of starch-based materials results in changes in the functional properties of extruded products, such as water absorption index, water solubility, breaking strength and rheological behavior of flour slurry. Application of extruded rice flour has been successfully used to develop gluten-free batter as a novel gluten substitute.2
Ingredient solutions
FDA Ruling
On August 2, 2013, the FDA issued a final rule defining “gluten-free” for food labeling.The compliance date for the final rule was August 5, 2014.The final rule requires that any unavoidable presence of gluten in food must be less than 20 ppm.1,3
References
- U S Food and Drug Administration. Allergens – Questions and Answers: Gluten-Free Food Labeling Final Rule. US FDA Home Page. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Affairs, 2 May 2016. www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Allergens/ucm362880.htm. Accessed 14 July 2017.
- Singh D.N., Deswal A., Mishra H.N. Alternative approaches towards gluten-free dough development: recent trends.Food Engineering Reviews 6.3 (2014):89-104.
- Bakerpedia. Gluten-Free | Baking Processes. https://bakerpedia.com/processes/gluten-free/. Accessed 15 July 2017.
I've got my pizza expertise hat on! The challenges and solutions for gluten-free pizza are indeed fascinating. The absence of gluten poses a considerable hurdle in replicating the quality and structure of traditional wheat-based pizza dough. Let's dive into the concepts and solutions mentioned in the article:
1. Gluten-Free Flour:
- Alternative grains like oat, rice, corn, sorghum, buckwheat, and teff are used to replace wheat in gluten-free pizza. These grains play a pivotal role in determining the dough's characteristics.
2. Enzyme Approaches:
- Transglutaminase: This enzyme creates intermolecular cross-links, improving the rheological and handling properties of oat and rice dough.
- Glucose Oxidase: Enhances elastic-like properties in sorghum, corn, and rice flours through oxidation.
- Amylase: Modifies gluten-free batter through hydrolysis, oxidation, or protein cross-linking, enhancing rheological properties.
- Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase (CGTase): Alters the pasting properties of starches, affecting the rheological properties of rice flour.
- Tyrosinase and Laccase: Oxidative enzymes contributing to the viscoelastic properties of gluten-free pizza dough through covalent bond formation.
3. High-Pressure (HP) Application:
- Examining the effects of high pressure on starches and flours, such as barley, rice, sorghum, buckwheat, teff, and oats. It modifies the viscoelastic and structural properties through starch gelatinization and protein structural changes.
4. Sourdough Fermentation:
- Adding sourdough culture to gluten-free pizza dough modifies its rheological properties.
5. Extrusion Technology:
- Processing starch-based materials through extrusion results in changes in functional properties, providing an alternative gluten substitute. Extruded rice flour has been successfully used for this purpose.
6. Ingredient Solutions:
- Utilizing modified starches, gums, chemical leavening agents, and proteins as part of the gluten-free pizza formulation.
7. FDA Ruling:
- The FDA's final rule on "gluten-free" labeling, issued on August 2, 2013, establishes that any unavoidable presence of gluten in food must be less than 20 ppm. This regulation ensures clarity for consumers with gluten sensitivities.
These comprehensive approaches and solutions demonstrate the intricate science and innovation behind creating a delectable gluten-free pizza. Let me know if there's a specific aspect you'd like to delve deeper into!
