Attribution
This article is a modified derivative of the following articles:
"Ecology of ecosystems" by Robert Bear, David Rintoul, Bruce Snyder, Martha Smith-Caldas, Christopher Herren, and Eva Horne, CC BY 4.0; download the original article for free at http://cnx.org/contents/db89c8f8-a27c-4685-ad2a-19d11a2a7e2e@24.18
"Energy flow through ecosystems" by OpenStax College, Concepts of Biology, CC BY 4.0; download the original article for free at http://cnx.org/contents/b3c1e1d2-839c-42b0-a314-e119a8aafbdd@9.10
"Energy flow through ecosystems" by OpenStax College, Biology, CC BY 4.0; download the original article for free at http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.53
"Flow of energy" by CK-12 Foundation, CC BY-NC 3.0
The modified article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
Works cited
F. Stuart Chapin III, Pamela A. Matson, and Harold A. Mooney, "Trophic Dynamics," in Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology, 250-251, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002.
Peter H. Raven, George B. Johnson, Kenneth A. Mason, Jonathan B. Losos, and Susan R. Singer, "The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems," in Biology, 1216, 10th ed., AP ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014.
References
Abedon, Stephen T. "Trophic Efficiency." Biology As Poetry. Accessed June 14, 2016. http://www.biologyaspoetry.com/terms/trophic_efficiency.html.
Benke, Arthur C. "Secondary Production." Nature Education Knowledge 3, no. 10 (2010): 23. http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/secondary-production-13234142.
Brennan, John. "What Is a Detrital Food Web?" eHow. Accessed June 14, 2016. http://www.ehow.com/facts_7560544_detrital-food.html.
Campbell, Neil A., Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, and Robert B. Jackson. "Energy Transfer Between Trophic Levels is Typically Only 10% Efficient." In Campbell Biology, 1228-1230. 8th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
Chapin, F. Stuart III, Pamela A. Matson, and Harold A. Mooney. "Trophic Dynamics." In Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology, 244-264. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002.
"Characteristics of Detritus Food Chain." TutorVista. Accessed June 14, 2016. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/ecosystem/detritus-food-chain.php.
"Ecological Efficiency." Wikipedia. Last modified February 7, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_efficiency.
"Ecological Pyramid." Wikipedia. Last modified June 8, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_pyramid.
Fester Kratz, Rene and Donna Rae Siegfried. "Moving Energy and Matter Around Within Ecosystems." In Biology for Dummies, 173-182. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
"Food Chains." BBC Bitesize GCSE. Accessed June 14, 2016. http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z2m39j6/revision/6.
"Food Web." Wikipedia. Last modified June 7, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web.
Kimball, John W. "Food Chains." Kimball's Biology Pages. Last modified February 2, 2011. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/FoodChains.html.
Miller, G. Tyler and Scott E. Spoolman. "What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem?" In Essentials of Ecology, 61-65. 5th ed. Belmont: Cengage Learning, 2009.
"Primary and Secondary Productivity." Mr. G's Environmental Systems. Last modified December 15, 2009. http://sciencebitz.com/?page_id=204.
"Primary Producers." Wikipedia. Last modified March 5, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_producers.
Purves, William K., David Sadava, Gordon H. Orians, and H. Craig Heller. "Food Web Structure Is Influenced by Productivity." In Life: The Science of Biology, 1060-1061. 7th ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2003.
Raven, Peter H., George B. Johnson, Kenneth A. Mason, Jonathan B. Losos, and Susan R. Singer. "The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems." In Biology, 1214-1219. 10th ed., AP ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014.
Ritchison, Gary. "Conservation of Wildlife Resources: Lecture Notes 2." BIO 317. Accessed June 14, 2016. http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/317notes2.html.
Russell, Peter J., Paul E. Hertz, and Beverly McMillan. "Ecosystems." In Biology: The Dynamic Science, 1229-1253. 3rd ed. Belmont: Brooks/Cole, 2014.
"Soil Food Web." Wikipedia. Last modified June 5, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_food_web.
Starr, Cecie and Ralph Taggart. "Studying Energy Flow Through Ecosystems." In Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 850-851. 11th ed. Belmont: Thomson/Brooks-Cole, 2006.
Starr, Cecie and Ralph Taggart. "The Nature of Ecosystems." In Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 844-845. 11th ed. Belmont: Thomson/Brooks-Cole, 2006.
Starr, Cecie and Ralph Taggart. "The Nature of Food Webs." In Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 850-851. 11th ed. Belmont: Thomson/Brooks-Cole, 2006.
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Ecosystem." Encyclopedia Britannica. Last modified September 4, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/science/ecosystem#ref261241.
"Trophic Level." Wikipedia. Last modified June 6, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level.
Wilkin, Douglas and Jean Brainerd. "Food Chains and Food Webs." CK-12 Biology Advanced Concepts. Last modified June 7, 2016. http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology-Advanced-Concepts/section/18.7/.
Wilkin, Douglas and Jean Brainard. "Trophic Levels." CK-12 Foundation. Last modified June 14, 2016. http://www.ck12.org/biology/Trophic-Levels/lesson/Trophic-Levels-BIO/..
