Economists typically group macroeconomic statistics under one of three headings—leading, lagging, or coincident. Figuratively speaking, one views them through the windshield, the rear-view mirror, or the side window.
Coincident and lagging indicators provide investors with some confirmation of where the market is and where it has been and are a good place to start because they help indicate where the economy might be heading.
There are many organizations and government agencies that compile, analyze, and report data, which is freely available to individuals. The information provided in these reports helps policymakers determine what policies need to change to affect the economy and helps investors make investment decisions.
Below, some of the most important economic indicators are discussed.
Key Takeaways
- Economic indicators are specific macroeconomic statistics that can be used to understand the economy.
- Economic indicators are typically classified as leading, lagging, or coincident.
- Policymakers and investors utilize economic indicators to make policy and investment decisions, respectfully.
- Some important economic indicators are market indexes, unemployment insurance claims, money supply, monthly new residential construction, existing-home sales, gross domestic product (GDP), and the Consumer Confidence Index.
Market Indexes
In order for an economic indicator to have predictive value for investors, it must be current, it must be forward-looking, and it must discount current values according to future expectations. Meaningful statistics about the direction of the economy start with the major market indexes and the information they provide about:
- Stock and stock futures markets
- Bond and mortgage interest rates, and the yield curve
- Foreign exchange rates
- Commodity prices, especially gold, grains, oil, and metals
Although these measures are crucial to investors, they are not generally regarded as economic indicators per se. This is because they do not look very far into the future—a few weeks or months at most. Charting the history of indexes over time puts them in context and gives them meaning. For instance, it is not terribly useful to know that it costs $2 to purchase one British pound, but it may be useful to know that the pound is trading at a five-year high against the dollar.
Indicative Weekly Data Reports
The "Unemployment Insurance Weekly Claims Report" is a report released weekly by the Department of Labor. In a weakening economy, unemployment filings will trend upward. They are generally analyzed as a four-week moving average (MA), in order to smooth week-to-week variance; however, this report has a built-in bias in that self-employed persons, part-timers, and contract employees who lose their jobs do not qualify for benefits and thus are not counted.
Money supply, which is an abstract technical calculation of how much money is sloshing around in the economy is released by the Federal Reserve; however, in a digital world in which vast sums of money can be transmitted across the globe in an instant, this indicator has lost much of its importance over the last decade.
Indicative Monthly Data Reports
The "Monthly New Residential Construction" report commonly referred to as "housing starts" is a report released by the Census Bureau and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). This report breaks out building permits issued, housing starts, and completions. It is an important leading indicator in that construction activity tends to pick up early in the expansion phase of the business cycle.
The "Existing-Home Sales" news release is released by the National Association of Realtors. Whereas the housing starts report focuses on supply, this report focuses on demand. Together, the two assess the overall health of the housing sector.
3.5%
The U.S. unemployment rate as of July 2023.
The data contained in this report is typically two months old, owing to the length of time involved in closing home sales. It is useful in predicting consumer spending and is directly affected by factors, such as mortgage interest rates and the seasonal nature of the real estate business.
The Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) is released by the Conference Board and is one of a handful of reports that measure respondents' perceptions and attitudes. It is inexact and imprecise, but surprisingly accurate in projecting consumer spending, which typically accounts for around two-thirds of GDP.
Other Important Indicating Reports
The "Manufacturing Business Outlook Survey" is released by the Philadelphia Fed and surveys purchasing managers at 5,000 manufacturing companies in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey, collecting "better", "same" or "worse" readings on a host of measures.
Its limitations—a small sample size, limited geography, and a manufacturing focus—do not prevent it from accurately gauging the key Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) report it precedes. The month-to-month variance in the readings is due in part to the small sample size.
The PMI is released by the Institute for Supply Management, formerly the National Association of Purchasing Managers. Despite its small sample size and focus on manufacturing, Wall Street watches it closely given its historical reliability in predicting growth in gross domestic product (GDP).
"Estimated Long-Term Mutual Fund Flows" is a measure issued monthly by the Investment Company Institute. This indicator aggregates net flows for stock, bond, and money market mutual funds, but it is largely ignored for several reasons, including that this report omits individual stock purchases and sales, and does not differentiate between systematic investing (i.e., 401(k) contributions) and market timing actions.
It is also a contrarian indicator in that many individual investors react to events by, in effect, buying high and selling low. Money market fund flow is reported separately by the Federal Reserve.
Industrial and Manufacturing Reports
The "Monthly Report on Durable Goods Manufacturers' Shipments, Inventories, and Orders", commonly known as the Durable Goods Report (DGR), is released by the Census Bureau. As a barometer for the health of the heavy industry, it surveys manufacturers of goods with a life expectancy of more than three years.
Such purchases by businesses signify capacity expansion and sales at retail suggest rising consumer confidence. High month-to-month volatility requires the use of moving averages and year-over-year comparisons to identify pivot points in the economy.
The "Factory Orders Report" also comes from the Census Bureau; it is more detailed and less timely than the DGR. Its main shortcoming is that it fails to account for price changes that can greatly affect inventories during both inflationary and deflationary times. The report contains data for the two months prior to its release, making it another "leading from the rear" indicator.
The Beige Book
The "Beige Book" (officially the "Summary of Commentary on Current Economic Conditions by the Federal Reserve") is released eight times per year by the Federal Reserve. It includes a collection of discussions from each of the 12 Fed districts, along with a summary statement, all of which are presented in the non-committal, measured tones known as "Fed speak."
Analysts and investors attempt to discern the meaning of the report, much like reading tea leaves. The report foreshadows Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) actions at the following meeting, although the bond market predicts these actions with a statistical measure that is virtually foolproof.
What Are Economic Indicators?
Economic indicators are statistical measures of various economic metrics, such as gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment, inflation, and consumption, that provide policymakers and investors with an idea of where the economy is heading. The data is compiled by various agencies and organizations and delivered as reports.
What Are the Main Indicators of an Economy?
Some of the main indicators of an economy that provide insight into its health and where the economy is moving include gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, money supply, consumer spending, retail sales, and existing-home sales.
What Is a Leading Indicator?
Leading indicators are economic measures that help forecast an economy. They are used to predict where the economy is headed before the actual changes take place. Leading indicators include the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI), initial jobless claims, and durable goods orders.
The Bottom Line
Leading economic indicators can give investors a sense of where the economy is headed in the future, paving the way for an investment strategy that will fit future market conditions. Leading indicators are designed to predict changes in the economy, but they are not always accurate so reports should be considered in aggregate, as each has its own flaws and shortcomings.
