Draxxin® KP
(tulathromycin and ketoprofen injection)
INJECTABLE SOLUTION
Antibiotic and Anti-inflammatory
For subcutaneous injection
100 mg/mL Tulathromycin+ 120 mg/mL Ketoprofen
For subcutaneous injection
Antibiotic:
100 mg of Tulathromycin/mL
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug:
120 mg Ketoprofen/mL
Federal law restricts this drug to use by or onthe order of a licensed veterinarian.
DRAXXIN KP (tulathromycin and ketoprofen injection) Injectable Solution is a ready to use sterile parenteral preparation containing tulathromycin, a semi- synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the subclass triamilide and ketoprofen a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: Each mL of DRAXXIN KP contains 100 mg of tulathromycin as a free base and 120 mg ketoprofen as a free acid in a 50% propylene glycol vehicle.
INACTIVE INGREDIENTS:
monothioglycerol (5 mg/mL), 2-pyrrolidone (70 mg/mL), citric acid (20 mg/mL) and sodium hydroxide/hydrochloric acid added to adjust pH.
DRAXXIN KP contains an equilibrated mixture of two isomeric forms of tulathromycin in a 9:1 ratio and a racemic mixture of ketoprofen.
The structures of the tulathromycin isomers and ketoprofen are shown below:
Figure 1. Tulathromycin structures
The chemical names of the tulathromycin isomers are (2R,3S, 4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S, 13S,14R)-13-[[2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-Ο-methyl-4-C-[(propylamino) methyl]-α-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl]oxy]-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-3,5,8,10,12, 14-hexamethyl-11-[[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-β-D-xylohexopyranosyl]-oxy]-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one and (2R, 3R,6R,8R,9R,10S,11S,12R)- 11-[[2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-Ο-methyl-4-C-[(propylamino)methyl]-α-L-ribohexopyranosyl]oxy]-2-[(1S,2R)-1,2-dihydroxy-1-methylbutyl]-8-hydroxy-3,6,8,10,12-pentamethyl-9-[[3,4,6-trideoxy -3-(dimethylamino)-β-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy]-1-oxa-4-azacyclotridecan-13-one, respectively.
Figure 2. Ketoprofen Structure
The chemical name of ketoprofen is 2-(3-Benzoylphenyl) propanoic acid.
Draxxin® KP is indicated for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis, and control of pyrexia associated with BRD in beef steers, beef heifers, beef calves 2 months of age and older, beef bulls, dairy bulls, and replacement dairy heifers. Not for use in reproducing animals over one year of age, dairy calves, or veal calves.
Inject subcutaneously as a single dose in the neck at a dosage of 2.5 mg tulathromycin and 3 mg ketoprofen/kg (1.1 mL/100 lb) bodyweight (BW). Do not inject more than 10 mL per injection site. Use this product within 56 days of the first puncture and puncture a maximum of 20 times. If more than 20 punctures are anticipated, the use of automatic injection equipment or a repeater syringe is recommended. When using a draw-off spike or needle with bore diameter larger than 16 gauge, discard any product remaining in the vial immediately after use.
Table 1. DRAXXIN KP Cattle Dosing Guide
| Animal Weight (lb) | Dose Volume (mL) |
| 150 | 1.7 |
| 200 | 2.3 |
| 250 | 2.8 |
| 300 | 3.4 |
| 350 | 4.0 |
| 400 | 4.5 |
| 500 | 5.7 |
| 600 | 6.8 |
| 700 | 8.0 |
| 800 | 9.1 |
| 900 | 10.2 |
| 1000 | 11.4 |
The use of DRAXXIN KP Injection is contraindicated in animals previously found to be hypersensitive to tulathromycin and ketoprofen.
Cattle must not be slaughtered for human consumption within 18 days following last treatment with this drug product. Not for use in female dairy cattle 1 year of age or older, including dry dairy cows; use in these cattle may cause drug residues in milk and/or in calves born to these cows or heifers. Not for use in beef calves less than 2 months of age, dairy calves, and veal calves. A withdrawal period has not been established for this product in pre-ruminating calves.
NOT FOR HUMAN USE. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.
The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) provides more detailed occupational safety information. To obtain a Safety Data Sheet contact Zoetis Inc. at 1-888-963-8471.
The effects of DRAXXIN KP on bovine reproductive performance, pregnancy, and lactation have not been determined. Not for use in reproducing animals over one year of age because reproductive safety testing has not been conducted. Administration of tulathromycin and ketoprofen injection may result in injection site swelling that appears the dayafter treatment and may persist for at least 32 days post-injection. This may result in trim loss of edible tissue at slaughter.
As a class, cyclo-oxygenase inhibitory NSAIDs (Ketoprofen) may be associated with gastrointestinal, hepatic and renal toxicity. Sensitivity to drug-associated adverse effects varies with the individual patient. Patients at greatest risk for renal toxicity are those that are dehydrated, on concomitant diuretic therapy, or those with renal, cardiovascular, and/or hepatic dysfunction. Use judiciously when renal impairment or gastric ulceration is suspected.
Since many NSAIDs possess the potential to induce gastrointestinal ulceration, concomitant use of DRAXXIN KP with other anti-inflammatory drugs, such as other NSAIDs and corticosteroids, should be avoided or closely monitored. Discontinue use if fecal blood is observed.
Repeated administration of NSAIDs can result in gastric or renal toxicity. Sensitivity to drug-associated adverse effects varies with the individual patient. Patients at greatest risk for toxicity are those that are dehydrated, on concomitant diuretic therapy, or those with pre-existing gastric ulcers, renal, cardiovascular, and/or hepatic dysfunction.
To report suspected adverse drug experiences, to obtain a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or for technical assistance, contact Zoetis at (888) 963-8471. For additional information about adverse drug experience reporting for animal drugs, contact the FDA at 1-888-FDA-VETS or http://www.fda.gov/reportanimalae.
Mechanism of Action
Ketoprofen is a propionic acid derivate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Ketoprofen inhibits the activity of the enzymes cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Ketoprofen also causes a decrease in the formation of thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation. The principal mechanism of action of tulathromycin against bacteria involves direct inhibition of essential protein biosynthesis by selective binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits. Tulathromycin acts by stimulating the dissociation of peptidyl- tRNA from the ribosome during the translocation process.
Clinical Pharmacology
In a GLP pharmaco*kinetic study, 60 cattle received one of 3 treatments: 2.5 mg tulathromycin/kg BW, 3 mg ketoprofen/kg BW or a combination of the two active ingredients (2.5 mg tulathromycin and 3 mg of ketoprofen/kg BW) via subcutaneous injection. Blood samples were obtained pre-dose and at 20 min, 40 min, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 24, 28, 32, 48, 52, 56, 72, 120, 168, 216, 264, 336, and 360 hours after dosing. The samples were analyzed using validated highperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for tulathromycin and ketoprofen concentrations. The rate of drug exposure was greater for the ketoprofen alone product.
The mean [±standard deviation (SD)] maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax (tmax) was 6451 (±1342) ng/mL and 0.83 (±0.53) hr, respectively for ketoprofen alone compared to a mean (±SD) Cmax and tmax of 2322 (±1505) ng/mL and 4.0 (±2.93) hr, respectively, for ketoprofen in the combination product. However, the extent of drug exposure was slightly greater and terminal half life (t1/2) was longer for ketoprofen in the combination product. The mean (±SD) area under the drug concentration- time curve between times 0 and the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t(last)) was 26458 (±3605) ng*hr/mL for ketoprofen in the combination product and 23106 (±3500) for ng*hr/mL for ketoprofen alone. Similarly, the mean t 1/2 was 6.84 (±2.09) hr for ketoprofen in the combination product and 2.86 (±1.09) hr for ketoprofen alone. Although the mean (±SD) Cmax of tulathromycin in the combination group (373 (±105) ng/mL) was less than tulathromycin alone (653 (±261) ng/mL), based on mean (±SD) AUC0-t(last), the combination (13647 (±2577) ng*hr/mL) and tulathromycin alone (14088 (±4408) ng*hr/mL) groups had similar tulathromycin bioavailability.
Tulathromycin half life was also similar between the combination (93.3 (±27.9) hr) and tulathromycin alone (98.7 (±23.1) hr) groups.
Based on data provided for the approval of Draxxin® (tulathromycin injection, NADA 141-244), tulathromycin has demonstrated in vitro activity against Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis, four pathogens associated with BRD.
Thirty-two (16 male and 16 female) growing cattle were enrolled in a margin of safety study. Calves were injected subcutaneously with either saline, DRAXXIN KP at the label dose 2.5 mg tulathromycin/3 mg ketoprofen/kg BW, DRAXXIN KP at 3 times the label dose, or DRAXXIN KP at 5 times the label dose. Calves received three doses at a 14-day interval between doses. Daily clinical observations were conducted by a veterinarian as well as daily general health observations and injection site evaluations. Samples were collected for urinalysis, fecal occult blood, hematology, serum chemistry and coagulation and for pharmaco*kinetics. At the conclusion of the study, all animals were euthanized and necropsied for gross pathology and histopathology evaluation. Injection site lesion volumes forthe first injection site was calculated. Injection site reactions were noted in all DRAXXIN KP-treated animals and the size and incidence of injection site lesions were greater in the 3X and 5X treatment groups. Test article-related differences in serum chemistry parameters were lower alkaline phosphatase in the 5X group; lower albumin in the 3X and 5X groups; lower total protein (TP) and serum calcium in the 1X, 3X and 5X groups; and higher creatine kinase (CK) in the 1X, 3X, and 5X groups. The changes for serum calcium and albumin were considered clinically insignificant because all values were within the normal reference range on the days with statistical differences. The changes for TP were considered secondary to the differences in albumin and clinically insignificant because the albumin changes were considered clinically insignificant. In addition, the only TP values that were outside of the normal reference range were only 0.1 g/dL below the normal reference range. The differences in neutrophil values might be secondary to test article-associated injection site inflammation and the differences in CK values are directly associated with injection site reactions. There were non-quantifiable ketoprofen plasma concentrations prior to the second and third doses, while there was a modest accumulation for tulathromycin (mean ≤16.5%) with the 14-day dosing interval. There was dose proportional increase in tulathromycin AUC0-t(last) with an increase in dose, while there was slightly greater than dose proportional increase in ketoprofen AUC0- t(last). A single calf in Group T04 had test article-associated positive fecal occult blood samples on Days 15 and 29. Microscopic mucosal erosions of the pylorus of the abomasum were present in the 3X (2/8) and 5X (1/8) groups and was considered test article-related. Renal interstitial inflammation and minimal multifocal degeneration and regeneration occurred at similar incidence and severity in treated and control calves.
Subcutaneous injection of cattle with tulathromycin- ketoprofen at the label dose was well tolerated.
A multi-location field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Draxxin® KP for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis, and control of pyrexia associated with BRD. A total of 819 cattle with clinical signs of BRD (moderate depression and respiratory distress, and a rectal temperature ≥104.5 °F) were enrolled and treated with either saline (0.025 mL/kg BW), tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg BW) or Draxxin® KP (2.5 mg tulathromycin/kg BW and 3 mg ketoprofen/kg BW) administered by subcutaneous injection. Rectal temperatures were measured six hours later and animals were observed for clinical signs of BRD through 14 days post-treatment. An animal was classified as a treatment success for treatment of BRD if it was not classified as a failure prior to Day 14, and had normal or mild depression and respiratory distress scores and a rectal temperature <104.5 °F on Day 14. An animal was classified as a treatment success for control of pyrexia associated with BRD if it displayed a ≥2 °F reduction in rectal temperature at 6- hours post-treatment compared to pre-treatment. The Draxxin® KP-treated group had a significantly different (P=0.0020) and numerically higher success rate (76.2%) for the treatment of BRD compared tothe saline-treated group (31.6%), and the success rate in the Draxxin® KP-treated group was statistically non-inferior to that in the group receiving tulathromycin alone. The success rate (back-transformed estimate) for pyrexia associated with BRD in the Draxxin® KP-treated group was significantly different (P=0.0010) and numericallyhigher (83.8%) at 6 hours post-treatment than the success rate in the saline-treated group (2.4%). The success rate (back-transformed estimate) for pyrexia associated with BRD in the Draxxin® KP-treated group was significantly different (P=0.0032) and numerically higher (83.9%) at 6 hours post-treatment than the success rate in the tulathromycin-treated group (5.4%). A sufficient number of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis were isolated from cattle in the study to demonstrate that these BRD pathogens were contributing to the observed disease.
DRAXXIN KP Injection is available in the following package sizes:
50 mL vial
100 mL vial
250 mL vial
500 mL vial
Store at or below 25°C (77°F), with excursions up to 40°C (104°F). Protect from freezing.
APPROVED BY FDA under NADA # 141-543
zoetis
Distributed by:
Zoetis Inc.
Kalamazoo, MI 49007
Product of Spain
May 2021
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Zoetis Inc.
As an expert in veterinary pharmaceuticals and animal health, I bring a wealth of knowledge to the topic at hand. With a deep understanding of pharmacology, drug mechanisms, and the intricacies of veterinary medicine, I can provide valuable insights into the specific product mentioned in the article: Draxxin® KP (tulathromycin and ketoprofen injection).
1. Draxxin® KP Composition:
- Draxxin® KP is a sterile parenteral preparation containing tulathromycin, a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic, and ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
- Active Ingredients:
- Tulathromycin: 100 mg/mL
- Ketoprofen: 120 mg/mL
- Inactive Ingredients: Propylene glycol, monothioglycerol, 2-pyrrolidone, citric acid, sodium hydroxide/hydrochloric acid (to adjust pH).
2. Indications and Usage:
- Draxxin® KP is indicated for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with specific pathogens and control of pyrexia associated with BRD in certain cattle categories.
- It is administered via subcutaneous injection in the neck at a specific dosage based on the animal's weight.
3. Contraindications and Withdrawal Periods:
- Contraindications include hypersensitivity to tulathromycin and ketoprofen.
- Cattle must not be slaughtered for human consumption within 18 days following the last treatment.
- Not for use in certain categories of cattle, such as female dairy cattle over one year of age and beef calves less than 2 months old.
4. Safety and Adverse Effects:
- The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) provides detailed occupational safety information.
- Adverse effects may include injection site swelling, which may persist for at least 32 days post-injection, and potential trim loss of edible tissue at slaughter.
5. Mechanism of Action:
- Ketoprofen is a propionic acid derivative and NSAID that inhibits cyclo-oxygenase I and II, reducing prostaglandin and thromboxane formation.
- Tulathromycin acts by selectively binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits, inhibiting essential protein biosynthesis in bacteria.
6. Pharmaco*kinetic Studies:
- Pharmaco*kinetic studies in cattle demonstrated the rate of drug exposure and bioavailability for ketoprofen and tulathromycin.
- Data showed differences in Cmax, tmax, AUC, and half-life between ketoprofen alone and ketoprofen in combination with tulathromycin.
7. Field Study Effectiveness:
- A field study evaluated Draxxin® KP's effectiveness in treating BRD in cattle, showing a higher success rate compared to saline and statistically non-inferior to tulathromycin alone.
8. Product Information:
- Draxxin® KP is available in various package sizes.
- Storage conditions: At or below 25°C (77°F), with excursions up to 40°C (104°F), and protection from freezing.
In summary, Draxxin® KP is a combination product designed for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease, showcasing its efficacy through pharmaco*kinetic studies and field trials. It is crucial to adhere to usage guidelines, contraindications, and withdrawal periods to ensure animal safety and prevent potential adverse effects. For more detailed safety information, the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is available through Zoetis Inc.
