Research>Average Retirement Savings
How much does the average American have saved for retirement? We dug into the statistics to find out.
ByJack Caporal –UpdatedMar 18, 2024 at 2:49PM
Retirement planning is a very personal journey. The amount you need to save depends on your age, income, desired retirement income, inflation, and more. But it’s still worthwhile to see how you stack up to other Americans.
Image source: The Motley Fool
So what is the average retirement savings in the United States? How does the average retirement savings by age vary? Do education and race affect retirement savings? We dug into the most recent data to find out.
Key findings
Key findings
- In 2022, the average (median) retirement savings for American households was $87,000.
- Median retirement savings for Americans younger than 35 was $18,800 as of 2022.
- 62% of Americans aged 18 to 29 have some retirement savings, but only 30% percent feel on track for retirement.
- 55% of non-retirees have a 401(k) or 403(b), while 25% have no retirement savings.
- Americans with a high school degree have median retirement savings of $44,000, while those with a college degree have an average account value of $141,700.
- The median retirement savings of white Americans was $100,000 in 2022. Median retirement savings for Black families was $39,000 and $55,600 for Hispanic families.
- Median retirement savings for households in the bottom 25% of net worth grew by $3,694 from 1989 to 2022. Median retirement savings for the top 10% of net worth grew by $789,332 during that same time period.
- 51% of Americans retire at age 61 or earlier, and 23% retire between 62 and 64 (before Medicare coverage kicks in at age 65). White Americans tend to retire later than Black or Hispanic Americans despite having more savings.
Average retirement savings
Median retirement savings: $87,000
The median retirement savings for American households has been growing since 1989 with few exceptions.
Americans are saving more for retirement than they did 30 years ago in spite of economic challenges.
| YEAR | MEDIAN RETIREMENT ACCOUNT SAVINGS | MEAN RETIREMENT ACCOUNT SAVINGS |
|---|---|---|
| 1989 | $25,361 | $87,721 |
| 1992 | $29,008 | $92,160 |
| 1995 | $32,902 | $110,889 |
| 1998 | $43,760 | $139,083 |
| 2001 | $49,217 | $175,587 |
| 2004 | $55,309 | $193,412 |
| 2007 | $64,395 | $210,804 |
| 2010 | $60,095 | $233,358 |
| 2013 | $75,097 | $256,023 |
| 2016 | $74,002 | $282,103 |
| 2019 | $75,348 | $295,743 |
| 2022 | $87,000 | $333,945 |
The mean retirement savings among Americans is significantly higher than the median savings, indicating some large outliers. High earners have more than $1 million more in retirement savings than lower earners, which pulls up the average retirement savings number.
Savings by age
Most retirement savings are accrued after the age of 35 (a trend that parallels the average net worth by age). Median retirement savings grow significantly every 10 years for Americans older than 35 years of age until they reach 75.
A few factors may be at play in this sharp increase -- the power of compounding interest leading to snowballing returns in 401(k)s and similar retirement investing accounts, employer matching plans kicking in, higher incomes resulting in more savings, or a combination of all three.
Average retirement savings by age (median)
| YEAR | YOUNGER THAN 35 | 35 TO 44 | 45 TO 54 | 55 TO 64 | 65 TO 74 | OLDER THAN 74 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | $9,222 | $23,056 | $39,195 | $55,334 | $34,584 | $36,889 |
| 1992 | $9,324 | $18,855 | $58,015 | $62,159 | $41,439 | $58,015 |
| 1995 | $11,613 | $28,257 | $54,192 | $61,934 | $56,127 | $45,483 |
| 1998 | $12,763 | $36,467 | $63,817 | $85,697 | $69,287 | $54,700 |
| 2001 | $11,718 | $47,878 | $80,355 | $92,073 | $100,444 | $80,355 |
| 2004 | $17,284 | $43,996 | $87,206 | $130,416 | $125,702 | $47,138 |
| 2007 | $13,738 | $52,947 | $90,153 | $143,100 | $110,187 | $50,085 |
| 2010 | $14,477 | $42,340 | $81,948 | $136,579 | $136,579 | $73,753 |
| 2013 | $15,274 | $54,350 | $110,736 | $132,375 | $189,652 | $87,825 |
| 2016 | $14,825 | $45,635 | $101,136 | $148,005 | $155,651 | $148,005 |
| 2019 | $15,070 | $69,552 | $115,921 | $155,334 | $190,110 | $96,214 |
| 2022 | $18,880 | $45,000 | $115,000 | $185,000 | $200,000 | $130,000 |
Average retirement savings by age (mean)
| Year | YOUNGER THAN 35 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 | 65-74 | 75 OR OLDER |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | $21,121 | $68,589 | $120,455 | $143,664 | $113,495 | $76,011 |
| 1992 | $27,713 | $56,747 | $145,106 | $147,121 | $112,365 | $115,291 |
| 1995 | $36,499 | $69,045 | $169,122 | $181,637 | $162,292 | $114,930 |
| 1998 | $41,191 | $95,288 | $164,843 | $261,198 | $188,489 | $169,358 |
| 2001 | $31,585 | $108,605 | $212,865 | $332,177 | $292,978 | $212,370 |
| 2004 | $39,837 | $107,062 | $223,076 | $340,125 | $328,150 | $186,530 |
| 2007 | $35,744 | $114,652 | $219,847 | $387,018 | $382,057 | $151,134 |
| 2010 | $36,698 | $115,127 | $235,228 | $397,523 | $421,537 | $237,306 |
| 2013 | $36,772 | $143,211 | $222,841 | $362,765 | $563,869 | $302,404 |
| 2016 | $40,057 | $123,529 | $266,121 | $460,103 | $441,990 | $414,877 |
| 2019 | $34,970 | $152,959 | $295,273 | $473,442 | $493,897 | $414,903 |
| 2022 | $49,127 | $141,517 | $313,220 | $537,563 | $609,229 | $462,411 |
62% of Americans aged 18 to 29 have retirement savings, but only 28% feel on track
| Age | Any retirement savings | Retirement savings on track |
|---|---|---|
| 18 to 29 | 62% | 30% |
| 30 to 44 | 75% | 39% |
| 45 to 59 | 84% | 45% |
| 60+ | 87% | 52% |
| Overall | 75% | 40% |
Despite being the youngest age group in the Federal Reserve's dataset, 62% of Americans aged 18 to 29 had some retirement savings. Saving early is a surefire way to work towards a comfortable retirement.
Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve, often referred to as “the Fed,” is the central bank of the United States.
Despite that, only 30% of that age group felt as though their retirement savings were on track. This could reflect the relatively low amount of savings among Americans under 35 compared to older age groups.
The older the age group, the more likely they are to have retirement savings and feel as though their savings are on track.
Americans remained pessimistic about their preparedness for retirement. Just 45% of those aged 45 to 59 and only 52% of those 60 and over felt prepared.
The Motley Fool recommends putting aside 15% of your annual income for retirement over the course of your career. That may sound like a lot at first, but it’s a goal to work towards. At a minimum, if you participate in a company-sponsored retirement plan, you should try to take full advantage of the company’s matching contributions.
55% of non-retirees have a 401(k) or 403(b), 25% have no retirement savings
That only 55% of non-retirees have a 401(k) or 403(b) and 25% don't have any retirement savings at all is troublesome.
While Social Security is an important social program, it's designed to replace only 40% of the average salary after retirement. Unfortunately, one in five married retired couples and 45% of single retirees depend on Social Security benefits for more than 90% of their income in retirement.
To continue living a lifestyle consistent with the one they had before retirement, retirees need to rely on their own savings as well as Social Security benefits.
The most common form of retirement savings are defined contribution pensions, like 401(k)s and 403(b)s. Over half of Americans have an account like this. And 36% have an individual retirement account (IRA), a similar type of retirement investment account.
| Forms of retirement savings among non-retirees | Percentage of non-retirees |
|---|---|
| Defined contribution pension (401(k), 403(b)) | 55% |
| Savings not in retirement accounts | 52% |
| IRA | 36% |
| Defined benefit pension | 22% |
| Other retirement savings | 13% |
| Business or real estate | 10% |
| None | 25% |
This dataset doesn't differentiate between traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, and other options – it's good to know the different types of IRAs and which is best for your situation.
Retirement savings by education
Average retirement savings by education
Educational attainment has a dramatic impact on retirement savings.
The median retirement account value for someone with no high school diploma was $50,000 in 2022, nearly $100,000 less than someone with a college degree.
The impact of educational attainment on retirement savings has become more pronounced over the past 30 years.
In 1989, Americans with a college degree had saved about $16,000 more than those with no high school diploma, who had saved $23,056 in the median.
By 2022, the median retirement account value of Americans without a high school diploma had roughly doubled. Meanwhile, the average retirement savings of those with a college degree more than tripled.
Average retirement savings by level of education (median)
| YEAR | NO HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA | HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA | SOME COLLEGE | COLLEGE DEGREE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | $23,056 | $18,445 | $18,445 | $39,195 |
| 1992 | $14,504 | $20,720 | $24,864 | $47,655 |
| 1995 | $18,387 | $29,031 | $30,967 | $49,547 |
| 1998 | $21,880 | $30,632 | $36,467 | $74,392 |
| 2001 | $16,741 | $30,133 | $35,155 | $93,748 |
| 2004 | $19,484 | $31,425 | $37,711 | $113,132 |
| 2007 | $21,465 | $41,499 | $51,516 | $114,480 |
| 2010 | $22,262 | $34,145 | $40,974 | $122,921 |
| 2013 | $17,820 | $42,258 | $52,186 | $133,647 |
| 2016 | $44,401 | $44,401 | $41,935 | $144,304 |
| 2019 | $23,184 | $46,368 | $47,527 | $137,945 |
| 2022 | $50,000 | $44,000 | $53,000 | $141,700 |
Average retirement savings by level of education (mean)
| YEAR | NO HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA | HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA | SOME COLLEGE | COLLEGE DEGREE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | $65,117 | $50,546 | $61,224 | $135,605 |
| 1992 | $32,029 | $57,791 | $56,973 | $142,927 |
| 1995 | $41,686 | $71,209 | $86,919 | $173,081 |
| 1998 | $41,986 | $74,017 | $92,712 | $238,444 |
| 2001 | $61,022 | $83,101 | $112,592 | $290,032 |
| 2004 | $48,864 | $93,747 | $120,483 | $312,250 |
| 2007 | $75,358 | $95,819 | $134,231 | $348,275 |
| 2010 | $48,138 | $103,337 | $123,712 | $389,823 |
| 2013 | $50,149 | $110,774 | $151,949 | $396,430 |
| 2016 | $164,632 | $120,988 | $158,320 | $425,872 |
| 2019 | $78,491 | $138,924 | $158,209 | $441,872 |
| 2022 | $79,983 | $141,899 | $177,831 | $476,375 |
Image source: Getty images
Retirement savings by race
Average retirement savings by race
It’s well-documented that race can play a decisive factor in income and other measures of financial well-being. That's true when it comes to retirement savings as well.
White Americans had a median average retirement account value of $100,000 in 2022 -- $61,000 more than Black Americans and $46,600 more than Hispanic Americans.
Similar to the impact educational attainment has on retirement savings, the median value of retirement savings for white Americans has grown faster than Black and Hispanic Americans since 1989.
Average retirement savings by race or ethnicity (median)
| YEAR | WHITE, NON-HISPANIC | BLACK, NON-HISPANIC | HISPANIC | OTHER |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | $27,667 | $13,834 | $9,914 | $14,364 |
| 1992 | $31,080 | $11,396 | $13,468 | $41,439 |
| 1995 | $35,031 | $15,483 | $23,225 | $30,967 |
| 1998 | $47,407 | $20,057 | $20,057 | $36,467 |
| 2001 | $58,927 | $14,230 | $16,741 | $45,200 |
| 2004 | $64,422 | $23,569 | $23,569 | $50,281 |
| 2007 | $75,843 | $37,206 | $24,327 | $45,220 |
| 2010 | $73,753 | $24,584 | $24,584 | $53,266 |
| 2013 | $96,735 | $24,184 | $20,493 | $55,368 |
| 2016 | $94,970 | $30,464 | $28,368 | $64,135 |
| 2019 | $92,736 | $40,572 | $35,935 | $54,483 |
| 2022 | $100,000 | $39,000 | $55,600 | $60,000 |
Average retirement savings by race or ethnicity (mean)
| YEAR | WHITE, NON-HISPANIC | BLACK, NON-HISPANIC | HISPANIC | OTHER |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | $92,433 | $42,924 | $56,849 | $72,417 |
| 1992 | $98,974 | $40,657 | $32,294 | $100,715 |
| 1995 | $119,488 | $43,198 | $74,583 | $101,175 |
| 1998 | $147,543 | $58,634 | $83,160 | $166,548 |
| 2001 | $196,225 | $53,981 | $67,946 | $165,462 |
| 2004 | $214,868 | $93,842 | $62,133 | $136,315 |
| 2007 | $240,462 | $97,768 | $92,995 | $118,183 |
| 2010 | $264,388 | $72,148 | $89,290 | $200,846 |
| 2013 | $301,164 | $71,666 | $50,430 | $168,010 |
| 2016 | $321,811 | $92,173 | $118,689 | $257,232 |
| 2019 | $341,030 | $126,513 | $124,044 | $225,316 |
| 2022 | $380,333 | $117,527 | $120,318 | $257,358 |
White Americans are also more likely to have retirement savings than Black and Hispanic Americans and were likewise more likely to feel as though their retirement savings are on track.
Asian Americans were the most likely to have retirement savings and feel as though their savings are on track.
| Race/ethnicity | Any retirement savings | Retirement savings on track |
|---|---|---|
| Asian | 85% | 52% |
| White | 81% | 46% |
| Black | 64% | 26% |
| Hispanic | 61% | 25% |
Related retirement topics
By percentile of net worth
Average retirement savings by net worth
It’s no surprise that higher-net-worth-individuals have more retirement savings. What is notable is that the growth in retirement savings for the highest-net-worth individuals has significantly outpaced growth among lower-net-worth individuals over the past 30 years.
Median retirement savings among the top 10% of net worth individuals has grown by more than 700% since 1989.
Meanwhile, individuals who fall into the bottom 25% in terms of net worth have seen just a 160% increase in their net worth, showing that growing income inequality has long-term effects even after Americans are done working.
That gap is even more striking when you consider that the individuals in the bottom 25% of net worth had a median retirement account value of $2,306 in 1989, while those in the top 10% of net worth had a median retirement account value of $110,668.
For the bottom 25%, a 160% change resulted in an increase of just $3,694 in retirement savings. For the top 10%, median retirement savings grew by $789,332.
Average retirement savings by percentile of net worth (median)
| YEAR | LESS THAN 25TH PERCENTILE | 25TH TO 49.9TH PERCENTILE | 50TH TO 74.9TH PERCENTILE | 75TH TO 89.9TH PERCENTILE | 90TH TO 100TH PERCENTILE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | $2,306 | $8,531 | $23,056 | $57,640 | $110,668 |
| 1992 | $2,072 | $8,702 | $27,557 | $60,709 | $155,398 |
| 1995 | $2,323 | $13,935 | $31,741 | $67,740 | $193,543 |
| 1998 | $3,829 | $14,769 | $51,053 | $109,400 | $233,387 |
| 2001 | $3,348 | $12,555 | $50,222 | $133,925 | $334,813 |
| 2004 | $4,714 | $18,384 | $53,423 | $152,414 | $421,102 |
| 2007 | $4,293 | $21,465 | $71,550 | $171,720 | $453,341 |
| 2010 | $6,829 | $16,390 | $55,998 | $181,650 | $564,072 |
| 2013 | $6,110 | $15,274 | $66,187 | $210,017 | $572,775 |
| 2016 | $5,303 | $18,501 | $64,135 | $244,207 | $778,257 |
| 2019 | $5,448 | $22,025 | $67,929 | $222,567 | $811,444 |
| 2022 | $6,000 | $22,380 | $80,000 | $269,000 | $900,000 |
Average retirement savings by percentile of net worth (mean)
| YEAR | LESS THAN 25TH PERCENTILE | 25TH TO 49.9TH PERCENTILE | 50TH TO 74.9TH PERCENTILE | 75TH TO 89.9TH PERCENTILE | 90TH TO 100TH PERCENTILE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | $5,354 | $13,258 | $40,460 | $90,085 | $261,816 |
| 1992 | $4,458 | $13,721 | $40,054 | $88,211 | $303,048 |
| 1995 | $7,090 | $20,398 | $43,835 | $112,391 | $384,914 |
| 1998 | $7,938 | $22,852 | $66,602 | $143,541 | $485,027 |
| 2001 | $6,274 | $23,433 | $72,196 | $190,312 | $635,642 |
| 2004 | $8,206 | $26,750 | $75,867 | $211,799 | $684,930 |
| 2007 | $10,340 | $30,604 | $92,516 | $227,178 | $782,674 |
| 2010 | $15,741 | $24,964 | $77,100 | $227,261 | $876,353 |
| 2013 | $13,370 | $23,536 | $87,611 | $245,776 | $919,568 |
| 2016 | $13,335 | $26,880 | $89,760 | $284,464 | $1,077,011 |
| 2019 | $13,090 | $31,913 | $91,197 | $282,299 | $1,097,003 |
| 2022 | $12,739 | $33,851 | $106,233 | $328,642 | $1,296,683 |
57% of all retirees use a pension or retirement plan as a source of income
Investment accounts can be a powerful tool in planning for retirement, especially if consumers start investing early and make use of employer matches, if available.
57% of retirees use some sort of pension plan (which, in this dataset, includes defined benefit pensions, 401(k)s, 403(b)s, and similar accounts) for retirement income.
Pension
A pension is a type of retirement plan that promises workers a specific monthly benefit when they retire.
It was not surprising that 78% of retirees used Social Security as a source of retirement income, and 92% of those over 65 did so. It's important to remember that Social Security benefits are meant to replace 40% of your annual salary in retirement, which is why preparing for retirement through saving and investing is so important.
| Source of income in the past 12 months among retirees | Retirees age 65 or older | All retirees |
|---|---|---|
| Social Security | 92% | 78% |
| Pension* | 66% | 57% |
| Interest, dividends, or rents | 49% | 43% |
| Wages, salaries, or self-employment | 25% | 32% |
| Cash transfers other than Social Security | 7% | 11% |
Retirement age: 51% of Americans retire at 61 or younger
Data shows that, in 2019, 51% of Americans retired at 61 or earlier, and 23% retired between 62 and 64, before Medicare coverage kicks in at 65.
And, despite white Americans having higher retirement savings on average, their average retirement age tends to be higher than Black and Hispanic Americans.
| Race/ethnicity | 61 or earlier | 62 to 64 | 65+ |
|---|---|---|---|
| White | 48% | 24% | 27% |
| Black | 56% | 23% | 17% |
| Hispanic | 65% | 19% | 15% |
| All | 51% | 23% | 24% |
Make a retirement plan and stay the course
Attaining a comfortable retirement is generally a matter of planning ahead -- deciding how much to save and invest in a retirement fund each month -- and then sticking to that plan.
The data reveals that the majority of American households follow that path and have a retirement fund available to them once they’ve hung up the boots and retired.
But there’s room for improvement in retirement planning and saving. A quarter of non-retirees have no retirement savings. Thankfully, it’s never too late to start saving for retirement, and there are ways to catch up if you feel like you’ve fallen behind.
Preparing for retirement is full of questions that don’t have simple answers. The Motley Fool has resources (including multiple retirement calculators) to help you take your first steps towards a comfortable retirement, but it’s always a good idea to consult a financial advisor to get personalized advice that fits your financial situation and goals.
Expert advice on retirement
Expert advice on retirement
Keri Dogan
Senior Vice President of Retirement Solutions, Fidelity Investments
The Motley Fool: Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, many Americans now fear they won’t be able to retire. What is your advice for someone who may be worried about retiring because of recent financial setbacks?
Keri Dogan: Concern about retirement income is mounting among Americans approaching retirement, with many worried they won’t have enough money to last their lifetime. This is especially true given the uncertain world we live in, due in part to the pandemic, as well as market volatility and inflation so top of mind this past year.
If you are still in your saving years, retirement savers justifiably concerned about the impact of market volatility may be reassured to know there are important arguments that can reinforce one’s faith in looking long-term and not making changes based on short-term economic swings. One of these is the profound impact making continuous contributions over even a relatively short period of time can have on one’s retirement readiness. For example, if you contributed the 2021 maximum $6,000 IRA contribution at age 25 and keep it going all the way to age 70, you would have amassed $1,440,5928 by retirement. Even shorter term, according to Fidelity’s analysis, the average 401(k) balance for people who have been in their same plan with the same employer for just a 5-year continuous period is more than double the average retirement account balance. This can make a huge difference.
If you are near or entering retirement, as a general rule of thumb, Fidelity believes that day-to-day, must-have expenses in retirement like housing, food, and health care, are best covered by lifetime guaranteed income sources, such as Social Security, pensions, or income annuities. If you can afford to, consider paying nice-to-have, more easily adjusted expenses with your withdrawals from savings. Another factor is the age at which you stop working. Most people are eligible to receive Social Security benefits as early as age 62, but those benefits increase if you wait until your full retirement age (usually 67) and rise even more if you delay until age 70. The earlier you retire, the more you will have to rely on savings to meet your income needs, because your Social Security payments will be lower. So, if you retire but can afford to wait to draw down Social Security until you are 67-70, that may be helpful—and also, don’t forget about the possibility of working part time in retirement.
The Motley Fool: According to a recent survey by The Motley Fool, men were most likely to say, "I rely on Social Security benefits a little," while women were most likely to say, "I rely on them a lot." Men were also more likely to be "slightly worried" about losing their benefits, while women were most likely to be "very worried." Why do you think men seem to fare better than women in retirement years and have more confidence in their financial stability? What are the potential implications of this trend?
Keri Dogan: One factor may be that women are more likely than men to live longer, with a statistically good chance of living into their mid-90s. That means, naturally, they need their income to last longer. Longer lives mean more years to enjoy, but it also requires anticipating more expenses in retirement, especially higher health care costs.
Because women are likely to live into their 90s, Social Security is a critical component of retirement income. That is why it is important for women to understand Social Security eligibility to claim maximum monthly benefits. Making the decision as to when to take the initial benefit will permanently impact how much is received monthly.
It also means women have a greater need to have a comprehensive retirement plan in place. And yet, according to Fidelity research, only 68% of women say they do have a financial plan in place. Planning can have a powerful impact on a feeling of financial wellness, and what we have observed is that greater planning leads to an increased sense of confidence in a variety of areas, both short- and long-term. While men tend to feel like their financial lives are more in control than women, women’s confidence matches that of men when they have a plan in place.
The Motley Fool: When asked about the 8.7% cost-of-living adjustment for Social Security benefits in 2023, 55% of respondents said they didn’t think it was enough. Why do you think retirees feel this way when it's one of the biggest COLAs in history? Did the SSA make a mistake in not raising it more?
Keri Dogan: This year's increase is the largest in a generation and is definitely a helpful boost for many retirees, especially those who are looking to live within their Social Security budget.
The increase could help ease the pain of record inflation for many retirees struggling with rising costs for everything from gas to groceries. And while many retirees are not as adversely impacted by inflation in some areas (i.e. gas for travel and food costs, as their needs here may not be as great), they especially feel the pinch when it comes to rising health care costs. We also see that retirees are already adept at reducing their essential and discretionary spending and have been throughout the pandemic.
While the concern retirees may feel about the size of the increase is understandable, one piece of advice for retirement savers—or those in retirement—is to try not to worry too much. Based on what we know about retirees and their satisfaction once they get to retirement, most aren’t spending as much as they could be and yet they’re feeling pretty good about where they are – satisfied with retirement and at the same/higher standard of living compared to pre-retirement. In fact, Fidelity analyzed extensive spending data and found that most people needed to replace between 55% and 80% of their pretax, preretirement income after they stopped working to maintain their lifestyle in retirement.
Sources
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2022). "Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2021 - May 2022."
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2021). "Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2020."
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2020). "Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2019."
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2023). "Survey of Consumer Finances."
The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
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