Are your Calves Getting too Much of a Good Thing? | Helping farmers in Scotland | Farm Advisory Service (2024)

The importance of providing calves with a good quality milk replacer in early life is well documented. However, not only is the nutritional value of the milk replacer important, the concentration of the liquid feed the calf receives needs just as much attention.

Osmolality

The definition of osmolality is the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per kilogram.

The osmolality of cow’s milk is around 300mOsm/kg, which is the same as a calf’s blood. This creates an ideal situation for the absorption and digestion of nutrients.

Osmolality will differ between milk replacers, even when mixed at the same concentration. It is measured by adding the concentration of sugars, such as lactose, and minerals, such as sodium.

This can mean that high total solids does not necessarily indicate high osmolality. For example, colostrum can have 26% total solids (compared to whole milk at 12.5% solids) but an osmolality of only 440mOsm/kg.

If your milk replacer uses fat as its main source of energy, it will have a lower osmolality than one that is relying more on lactose to provide energy. Whey based milk replacers can have varying osmolality depending on their lactose content. Better quality whey based milk replacers will have lower percentage of lactose and thus a higher the fat percentage. These will have a lower osmolality.

To keep osmolality at safe levels, it is recommended that liquid feed is made up with 150g of milk replacement powder per litre of liquid feed in 850ml of water to produce a litre of liquid feed.

What happens when osmolality is too high?

When the osmolality of a calf’s liquid feed is too high, fluid is effectively drawn from the calf’s blood into the intestine. This can cause diarrhoea and lead to dehydration.

At this stage it would be normal practice to administer an electrolyte. Simply adding this to the bucket of milk replacer may cause further problems. This is because the high sodium content of most electrolytes will increase the osmolality even more. Ideally, the electrolyte should be given in a separate solution.

Delayed abomasal emptying can be caused by feeding milk replacer with an osmolality of over 600mOsm/kg. This can put calves at risk of bloat.

Regular feeding of high osmolality milk replacer has also been shown to damage the lining of the gut. This, not only, has an effect on the calf’s ability to digest nutrients properly, but an increase in the permeability of the gut lining will make it easier for pathogens to transfer into the bloodstream. This will have a detrimental effect on health in general.

How to increase intakes of milk replacer safely

There are occasions when increasing intakes of milk replacer are desirable. These include achieving higher growth rates or using the increase in energy intake to combat cold weather. If the maximum concentration is already used, this should be done by increasing the volume of milk replacer fed at the same concentration rather than just adding a bit more powder when mixing up the feed. As always fresh clean water should be available at all times.

Main points

  • Highly concentrated milk replacer can potentially damage your calves, depending on its osmolality
  • Use 150g milk replacer powder per litre of liquid feed
  • Do not add electrolyte to milk replacer
  • Increase volume of milk replacer rather than concentration, if you want to increase energy intake

Alasdair Scott for the Farm Advisory Service

Are your Calves Getting too Much of a Good Thing? | Helping farmers in Scotland | Farm Advisory Service (2024)

FAQs

Why do farmers take calves away? ›

By separating cow and calf early, the farmer can ensure that the calf receives adequate colostrum (the first milk which is important for calf health). 1. A cow that is together with her calf produces more milk.

What are the benefits of raising calves together? ›

The Power of Calf Raises: Why They Matter
  • Enhanced Athletic Performance. ...
  • Everyday Movement Benefits. ...
  • Gastrocnemius Muscle. ...
  • Soleus Muscle. ...
  • Improved Balance and Coordination. ...
  • Increased Ankle Stability. ...
  • Boosted Running Efficiency. ...
  • Injury Prevention and Recovery.
Mar 26, 2024

Do cows care about their calves? ›

Cows instantly form strong bonds with their calves. Directly after birth, the mother will lick and nuzzle her calf clean, making a unique sound which encourages the calf to get up and nurse.

Can you give a calf too much milk? ›

Recommendations on how much to feed birth to weaning

Feeding less milk than this amount results in poor growth due to lack of needed nutrients. Overfeeding and sudden changes in the amount of milk can cause digestive upsets and scouring.

Do cows cry when their calves are taken? ›

When a mother cow loses her young, understandably, she mourns. Farmers admit cows often "cry for days" after their babies are taken away. In at least one community, locals have reported the crying and bellowing to police, afraid something was wrong.

Do cows mourn the loss of a calf? ›

So, when he is taken away from her, both mother and calf can often be heard calling out for each other for hours. In heart-wrenching scenes, cows have been witnessed chasing after a trailer carrying their calf away. Mothers have been known to grieve for days after their calf is removed, bellowing loudly in distress.

What will happen if you do 100 calf raises a day? ›

Can doing 100 calf raises (no weights) everyday make our calves bigger? Yes, but you have to keep in mind to build up muscle we have make progressive overload on muscle to shock it every time when we hit. If you do train your muscles on certain rep range on same weight (calf raises is body weight exercise.)

Are big calves an advantage? ›

Strong calf muscles are also essential for generating power during vertical jumping, an advantage to many sports, particularly basketball, volleyball and netball.

Is it worth doing calves? ›

The stronger your calves are, the more power you will be able to exert in these movements. Having strong calves will not only protect the foot/ankle complex during these movements, but it can also improve the ability of the athlete to perform these movements well.

Do cows bond with humans? ›

Cows can and do bond with humans, though it's not something often discussed by scientists. Cows can form lasting bonds with each other. Just as we form cliques and gravitate toward some people more than others, so do cows. Baby cows are particularly social when they are allowed to be reared by their mothers.

Why do cows lick their calves? ›

The licking behavior of cows is also believed to stimulate urination and defaecation by the calf, and the mother does this by repeatedly licking the ano-genital region of the calf [30].

Do cows feel pain when calving? ›

Abstract. The main conditions and diseases considered painful in dairy cows are mastitis, lameness, calving (including dystocia and caesarean section) and metritis.

Can a calf drink cold milk? ›

Hence, the lowest estimated milk temperature that can be fed to dairy calves without causing milk in the rumen is 8°C. These results strengthen the argument that calves can be fed large milk meals without risk of milk in the rumen, even cold milk drunk at high speed.

Why is my 4 day old calf pooping blood? ›

Rust colored or very bloody stools are often associated with infection with Salmonella, Coccidia, or Clostridium Perfringens. ~The calves are often weak and depressed, and may lose their desire to nurse.

At what age can a calf survive without milk? ›

Weaning Calves

Thus, calves should not be weaned based on age but rather on the basis of their intake of starter. Some calves can be weaned at four weeks of age, whereas others may be up to 10 weeks of age. Calves can be weaned from milk either abruptly or gradually over three to seven days.

Why are calves taken away from mothers? ›

There are two main reasons why a calf is taken away from its mother shortly after birth. The quick removal reduces the weaning anxiety at a later age and speeds up the calf's independent eating. As well, doing this will break a disease cycle, so they calf will have a much smaller risk of getting sick.

What do ranchers do with male calves? ›

Young male calves, and female calves who are not needed on dairy farms, may be slaughtered while they're still young and turned into veal. For 1 in 5 of these calves, that means being sent to veal crates: small plastic huts, sometimes with a tiny outdoor fenced area, containing one calf per crate.

What do farmers do with bull calves? ›

Any bulls that are born on our farm we take care of just like any other calf until we sell them to a ranch to be raised for beef. No, not for veal. They will be full grown when they go to be slaughtered and used as beef.

Why do cows not accept their calves? ›

“So, we see this problem most often in heifers because of a combination of two things. They have less experience, and they also have a lower level of oxytocin released.” There's also the smell and taste of birth fluids that drives maternal behavior.

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